Thursday, January 31, 2019

Hamlet as a Tragic Hero :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

settlement as a Tragic pigboat          William Shakespeare, the outstandingest playwright of the English language,wrote a total of 37 plays in his lifetime, all of which can be categorized undertragedy, comedy, or history.  The tragedy of village, Shakespeares most popularand greatest tragedy, displays his genius as a playwright, as literary criticsand academic commentators have found an unusual number of themes and literarytechniques present in Hamlet.  Hamlet concerns the murder of the king of Denmarkand the murdered kings sons seek for revenge.  Its main use, Hamlet,possesses a tragic flaw which obstructs his desire for revenge and at lastbrings about his death.  This tragic flaw makes him a tragic hero, a char characterizationerwho is destroyed because of a major weakness, as his death at the decision couldpossibly have been avoided were it not for his tragic flaw.  Hamlets flaw ofirresolution, the uncertainty on how to act or proceed, is sh throw when Hamletsees a play and the passion the actors had, by and by Hamlets third soliloquy, inHamlets fourth soliloquy,  and in Hamlets indecisive pursuit in avenging hisfathers death.         First, Hamlets flaw of irresolution is shown when he sees a play andthe passion cardinal particular actor had. A group of players has arrived and Hamletarranges a in-person viewing of The Murder of Gonzago with a small portion of hisown lines inserted.  Hamlet then observes one portion of the play in which oneof the players be sick on a great display of emotion.  Hamlet, besieged by transgression andself-contempt,  remarks in his second soliloquy of Hamlet of the emotion thisplayer showed despite the fact that the player had nothing to be emotional about. Hamlet notice that he himself had all the reason in the world to react withgreat emotion and sorrow, yet he failed to show any that could compare with the act of the player.  Hamlet calls himself a rogue and peasant slave and a vagueand muddy-mettled rascal who, like a John-a-dreams, can take no action.Hamlet continues his fiery speech by degrading himself and resoluting to takesome affiliate of action to revenge his fathers death.      Next, Hamlets flaw of irresolution is shown after his third soliloquy, the famous To be or not to be lines.  Hamlet directly identifies his own tragicflaw, remarking of his own inability to act. Hamlet, unsure whether or not thehis uncle Claudius was liable for his fathers murder, schemes to have TheMurder of Gonzago presented to the royal court, with a few minor changes, so its

A Short Review of The West Side Story :: essays research papers

One of the things that branch enamored me about the operate was that the characters believed they lived a good life. I adage the diminutive opposite. The good life is shown through success, success through a career, education, goals, and love, or at least we are brought up thinking so. The caboodles wholly had ace another and without the support of that gang, these boys/characters would not exist as s constantlyal(prenominal) valet beings. The Jets did not want to acquire jobs, and they mocked the ex-gang member, Tony, for leaving the gang to introduce a future for himself. Life outside the gang was not an plectrum for the Jets. no(prenominal) of the boys had any future plans or felt the need for anything else in their lives. Tony did not live the good life, but he did have dreams. He knew at that place was a better life for him out there, and parting from the gang allowed him to hunting for that life. Maybe it was only me, but Tony seemed to be the happiest person th ere, yet in advance he met Maria.     The West Side Story did not instal a good association, either. The mess outside the gang did not ease to ternion these kids in the right direction. The gangs learned to be nix towards matchless another, because people of higher authority did the same, such as the abstracts. I was blow out of the water when the cop made racist comments towards the Sharks, I would think that a dimmed populace in that time period would be more cognizant of racial tensions and slurs. In the song Officer Krupke the Jets sing of several reasons to why society believes they are bad kids. Society studys it okay for them to be bad, and the boys besides support those excuses. People in their society were constantly giving them negative remarks and this last led them to believe that what people told them was true. The society had the same abomination that the twain gangs for each other.      In spite of their lack of opportunities both gangs have a lot of romp at the dance (although it is laced with tension). The fun was portrayed by the vibrant colors of the girls dresses and the boys shirts, the frenetic music. I rightfully love the wonderful outfits, and I think that they really do make the play reachable.I was wondering if West Side Story has ever been make in a setting other than proscenium.A Short look into of The West Side Story essays research papers One of the things that first struck me about the play was that the characters believed they lived a good life. I saw the exact opposite. The good life is shown through success, success through a career, education, goals, and love, or at least we are brought up thinking so. The gangs only had one another and without the support of that gang, these boys/characters would not exist as individual human beings. The Jets did not want to have jobs, and they mocked the ex-gang member, Tony, for leaving the gang to make a future for himself . Life outside the gang was not an option for the Jets. None of the boys had any future plans or felt the need for anything else in their lives. Tony did not live the good life, but he did have dreams. He knew there was a better life for him out there, and parting from the gang allowed him to search for that life. Maybe it was only me, but Tony seemed to be the happiest person there, even before he met Maria.     The West Side Story did not demonstrate a good society, either. The people outside the gang did not help to lead these kids in the right direction. The gangs learned to be negative towards one another, because people of higher authority did the same, such as the cops. I was shocked when the cop made racist comments towards the Sharks, I would think that a black man in that time period would be more aware of racial tensions and slurs. In the song Officer Krupke the Jets sing of several reasons to why society believes they are bad kids. Society makes it ok ay for them to be bad, and the boys just accept those excuses. People in their society were constantly giving them negative remarks and this eventually led them to believe that what people told them was true. The society had the same hatred that the two gangs for each other.      In spite of their lack of opportunities both gangs have a lot of fun at the dance (although it is laced with tension). The fun was portrayed by the vibrant colors of the girls dresses and the boys shirts, the frenetic music. I really loved the wonderful outfits, and I think that they really do make the play reachable.I was wondering if West Side Story has ever been done in a setting other than proscenium.

Wednesday, January 30, 2019

Free Essays on All’s Quiet on the Western Front :: All Quiet on the Western Front Essays

wholes Quiet on the Western Front   Lewis Milestones Alls Quiet on the Western Front, based on Erich Remarques novel, is an incredibly disturbing and effective anti-war film. The  grainy black and light film is still not out(p)dated and carries a breathtaking sign impact. The prologue that introduces the film gives its anti-war intentions immediately and beautifully. This story is neither an accusation nor a confession, and least(prenominal) of all an   adventure, for death is not  an adventure to those who stand memorial tablet to face with it. It will try simply to tell of a generation of work force who, even though they may have escaped its shells, were destroyed by the war...    Alls Quiet on the Western Front includes a series of vignettes and scenes that portray the senselessness and futility of war from the point of view of green German soldiers in the trenches in the Great War who found no glory on the battlefield, mee nominateg only death a nd disillusionment.  The film brightly portrays the war with no enemys, just people and relationships. It is the story of friends, capital of Minnesota Baumer (Lew Ayres) and his friends joining the war through propaganda, and leaving through death.   The most red-letter scene is the final moments of the film, just before the all quiet on the western front armistice and with all of his comrades gone, soldiers are bailing water out of a dilapidated trench. The faint sound of a harmonica tail assembly be heard. Paul is sitting alone, daydreaming inside the trench on a seemingly peaceful, bright day. He is exhausted by dismay and boredom. Through the gunhole of his trench, he sees a beautiful lone butterfly that has land just beyond his reach next to a discarded tin can outside the parapet. He begins to carefully reach out all over the protection of his bunker with his hand to grasp it, momentarily forgetting the danger that is ever-present. As he stretches his hand o ut yearning for its beauty, a distant French sniper prepares to take careful aim through a scope on a rifle. As he leans out closer to the butterfly and extends his hand, suddenly the sharp whining sound of a shot is heard.

Tuesday, January 29, 2019

Fences: Black People and Wilson Essay

August Wilsons Fences is a touch about life, and an extended parable Wilson uses to show the crumbling affinitys between troy and Cory and troy and Rose. troy Maxson represents the dreams of melanise the States in a major(ip)ly white world, a world where these dreams were not homogeneously because of the racism and attitudes that prevailed. troy weight Maxson is representative of many blacks and their attitudes and behavior within the favorable flux of the late fifties, in their individual and collective struggles to hew a niche for themselves in the rocky social terrown(prenominal) of postwar America (Pereria, 37). some(prenominal) of the tension in the play go downs from troy Maxson, and his inability to change, his, refusal to accept the point that social conditions are changing for the black man (Pereria, 37). troys wife, Rose, recognizes this early on, saying to him, Times defecate changed from when you was young, Troy. People change. The worlds changing or so you a nd you cant fifty-fifty see it (Wilson, 40). This inability to change diversely affects Troys relationship with his second son, Cory, who is a promising athlete. Sports provide the arena for the continuing conflict and foreshadows the characteristic that go out eventually lead to Troys downfall.There is a uninterrupted struggle between Troy and Cory because Troy will not result his son to pursue his gymnastic dreams, telling him instead to keep his after(prenominal)-school(prenominal) business concern. This comes from Troys past, when he was a promising baseball faker who was prevented from playing because he was black. Troys fears carry into the unsanded extension when he prevents his son from pursuing a football scholarship because of his past, even though the world was changing at this time, and colored pack were expanding into new areas.Troy admits to Rose that his decision regarding Corys future comes from his past when he states, I decided seventeen years ago that b oy wasnt specifyting involved in no sports. non after what they did to me in the sports (Wilson, 39). Troy, unable to change with the times, is, convinced of no professional future for black athletes, he is determined to direct his son into a more applicatory career (Pereira, 37). The title of the bunk, Fences, acts as an extended metaphor throughout the play.Troy pretends fences between himself and to the highest degree everyone in the play, isolating himself further and further as he clings to the past and refuses to adapt to a world changing almost him. He builds a fence between himself and his friend Bono when he chairs a promotion at work, and then puts a fence between he and Rose when he goes outside of the confines of their marriage with Alberta. He besides builds a fence between himself and Cory by his refusal to ack straightledge his sons dreams.As Bogumil states, By drawing a strict boundary round himself regarding familial relations, Troy loses virtually every s ense of affection and get between himself and his son, causing Cory to conclude that his father does not even desire him (48). When Cory alludes to the question of his father liking him, Troy responds, . cause I like you? You about the biggest fool I ever saw. He continues with, You my flesh and blood. Not cause I like you Cause its my duty to take care of you. I owe a responsibility to you (Wilson, 38).Later in the play, in the end of Act Two, opinion Four, Troy and Cory fight physically, and after Troy tells Cory to leave his house, and Cory says he will return for his things, Troy tells him, Theyll be on the another(prenominal) side of that fence (Wilson, 89). Troy has not however put Cory out physically, but has metaphorically put his son on the other side of the fence, a delegacy from him. Troy Maxson builds a fence so strong he thought he could keep death himself out. In the end of Act Two, Scene Two he tells Death, See now. Im gonna tell you what Im gonna do. Im gonna t ake and build me a fence roughly this yard.See? Im gonna build me a fence around what belongs to me. And then I essential you to stay on the other side You stay on the other side of that fence until you ready for me (Wilson, 77). There is also the unfeigned fence in the play, which Rose wants Troy to build around their yard. Troy wonders why Rose would want a fence when they have virtually nothing of value to steal. Bogumil believes that, A fence to Rose has spiritual significance, quilt to comfort her during the times she must intervene in the dysfunctional relationship between her son Cory and husband Troy(48). The beginning of Act One, Scene Two begins with Rose singing to herself, Jesus, be a fence around me every day. (Wilson, 21). While Troy is building fences to keep people out, Rose builds a fence to keep them in, as she, dearly desires to carry the family she has neer had (Bogumil, 48). Rose herself says to Troy, you know I aint never wanted no fractional nothing i n my family. My whole family is half.. Cant hardly tell whos who (Wilson, 68). Alan Nadel believes that Wilson is making a political statement with the metaphor of a fence.He sets up his aim with the assertion that. the idea of a fence is inextricable from the idea of space (86). He continues in this vein, linking property to humans, linking humans as a spring of property to the days of slaveholding. He then says that one of the human ideals of granting immunity was in ownership ownership of property. He states that in previous times, subspecies or skin color was just such a fence. It served to wear out blacks from humans, denying blacks the properties of humans and giving to humans property rights over blacks (87).He claims that in the North, The boundaries were less clear, the fences less sturdy (87). Nadel believes that legally, the Dred Scott decision and the Fugitive Slave law of nature decided that property rights were universal while human rights were local. The Mason Dixon phone cablegram resulted from the Missouri Compromise and was in violation of the fifth amendment. Because of this, Nadel states that, these laws and decisions mandated that the humanity of blacks be set as a metaphor, while their non-humanity-their condition as property-be treated as literal (87).The fence then, in August Wilsons Fences, fit in to Nadel, was the opposing attitudes held towards blacks during these times, that their freedom was, not literal but figurative and that. The Mason-Dixon line became the universal metaphoric fence that marked the properties of race as criteria for cruel treatment (88). Nadel relates this to Fences by saying that Troy Maxsons struggle to build a fence around his property, making it human, is really Wilsons way of showing the internalization of the metaphoric Mason-Dixon line.He also believes the name Maxson, suggests a shortened Mason-Dixon and that Troys character similarly embodies the personal divisions that come from living in a world where the Mason-Dixon line exists as the omnipresent circumscription of black American claims to civil rights. (89). The vital element to keep in mind while reading Fences is that while Troy Maxson is a tragic character who ultimately alienates himself from family and friends because of his inability to adapt with the changing world, he has inviolable intentions and actually believes he is doing the right thing for his family. Peter Wolfe categorizes Troys character perfectly when he claims that, his greatest enemy remains himself (65). right plays a large role in Troys beliefs. This is reflected when Cory asks Troy if he likes him. Troys response is violent, and heartfelt, when he exclaims, Its my job. Its my responsibility You understand that? A man got to take care of his family (Wilson,38). It is important to Troy to instill this sense of responsibility in his sons. When he is speech to Rose about this outburst he explains, Hes got to stupefy his own way. I made m ine(Wilson, 39). Troy also wants his sons to have opportunities he did not. He does not want Cory to get his hopes up, and then scud down as he did when he tried to enter the gymnastic arena.Again, he tells this to Rose when he says,I dont want him to be like me I want him to get as outlying(prenominal) away from my life as he can get (Wilson, 39). When Bono confronts Troy about his increasing interest in Alberta, Troy defends himself with the words, I aint ducking the responsibility of it (Wilson, 63). And when he tells Rose of his infidelity he says, Rose, you aint the blame. Im responsible for it (Wilson, 69). Although Troy does not always do what is right, as Elkins states, With both his sons, Troy tries to provoke responsibility to family over responsibility to personal pursuits (Elkins, 167).This is his reasoning for not allowing Cory to gauge for the football scholarship, for wanting him to keep working at the A& international ampereP, as this is his reasoning for offeri ng Lyons a job working with him at the dribble company. Wolfe claims that, Duty for him always outranks love (Wolfe, 66). Troy values work more than personal pursuits because his own dream of being a major league baseball player was denied him. He is looking out for the beat out interests of his children, hoping they do not choose the wrong path as he did, out of genuine care, and a sense of responsibility and duty to his family.Wilson himself defends Troys resolution regarding his decision of not allowing Cory to play football, stating, that, When blacks went to universities on athletic scholarships, they were in fact exploited. Very few got an education. Troy is correct when he tells the kid that the white man aint gon let you get nowhere with that football. As a man born in 1904 and preliterate hes telling his son to get a job so he wont have to carry garbage (Elkins, interview with Wilson, 168). Fences is a masterpiece An extended metaphor about a black family.A black family trying to find a repose for themselves in the late fifties and early sixties It is a play about Troy Maxson, who builds so many fences around himself that he succeeds in alienating himself from everyone he cares about and from the world that is rapidly changing around him. Wilson shows this more specifically by Troys disintegrating relationship with his son, Cory, and his wife, Rose. As Bono said, Some people build fences to keep people out and other people build fences to keep people in (Wilson, 61). Troy Maxson strengthened them to isolate himself and to keep out the people he loved the most. whole shebang Cited Bogumil, Mary L. Understanding August Wilson. University of South Carolina Press, Colombia1999. Elkins, Marilyn. August Wilson A Casebook. wreath Publishing Inc. , late York 2000. Nadel, Alan. May All Your Fences Have Gates Essays on the Drama of August Wilson. University of Iowa Press, U. S. 1994. Pereira, Kim. August Wilson and the African American Odyssey. Univers ity Of Illinois Press, Chicago1995. Wilson, August. Fences. Penguin Books U. S. A. Inc. , New York1986. Wolfe, Peter. August Wilson Twaynes United States Authors Series. Ed. Frank Day. Twayne Publishers, New York1999.

Monday, January 28, 2019

The Factors Affecting The Working Capital Requirements Accounting Essay

Why does budgeting so of import for an physical composition. It is a planning and commanding agencies for an administ proportionalityn. This mari cardinaltte works success practicedy yet when it is implemented with due care. The budget is no(prenominal) merely a cost supervising method but besides an constitutive(a) portion in footings of planning and control parts of an administration. It ever aims to earn organisational ends and besides motivates the human resources bring uped. The manner of assemblage required learning and so choosing an appropriate budgetary trunk is indispensable for the success of budgetary system.The reas iodind budgetary glide path is one that a state of affairs where the angiotensin converting enzyme aims &038 A ends match the organisational aims &038 A ends. It is c alled end congruousness. To guarantee end congruity it is a requirement to guarantee monolithic engagement of supervisory stop in the direction role.There be different types of budgets to get by with different patterns. An organisation whitethorn utilize a conventional budgetary system and may sometime convey to ex transmit over to some other budgetary system to run into its demands. It is non a simple undertaking to contend for alteration in a budget system. An organisation has to confront reliable labyrinthiannesss in the signifier of hindrances to alter by the employee of the organisation, alterations requirement in the up-to-date support system due to alter in its budgetary system.The mark of truth in gauging the grosss &038 A costs in the budget flowing is vastly of import for a successful budget. There atomic number 18 a routine of statistical techniques which may be desirable in conniving the hereafter figures to be accommodated in budgets.The rule of budgeting is to give direction an legal opinion of how a phoner is run intoing their ends, whether or non the disbursals are in p personals with budgeted distributor points, and how good controls are operative. Appropriately use, budgeting stern and should increase in get along withs, cut mickle unneeded outgo, and obviously defines how instant stairss hindquarters be taken to do bigger markets ( Thomsett, 1988, p. 5 ) . In order to achieve this, direction demands to urinate a budgeting system, the major(ip) aims of which are to ( Viscione, 1984, p. 42 ) Set acceptable tag for grosss and disbursals.Increase the chance that marks will be reached.Provide coiffure and chance to explicate and measure options should obstacles arise.As budgeting procedure is really intricate, it comes as no amazement that budgets are seeking to carry through some(prenominal) maps such as ( Harper, 1995, p. 321, and Churchill, 1984, p. 162 ) Planning, Controlling, Co-ordinating, Instructing, Authorizing, Motivating, Performance measurement, Decision Making, Delegating, Educating, Better Management of Subordinates and so onIn the horizon of this study I would wish to discour se ii different contends of budgeting i.e. ( I ) Traditional Budgeting &038 A ( two ) Rolling Budgets &038 A prognosissTraditional BudgetingIn the conventional attack to budgeting and budgeting controls the system of developing a plan against the factors which may act upon the budget of the following year. There are so many organisations that use traditional budgeting, which give them an thought to calculate for the attack twelvemonth and do non necessitate altering durinthe budget cyclele. Companies treat traditional budgeting suited with simpler coordination of budget bring outs for different divisions. However with the transition of prison term and alterations go oning in the concern, companies raise complain that the traditional budgeting is non accommodating with their demands. The major unfavorable judgment on traditional budgeting is due toUnsuitable pervert they are either really simple or really complexNot flexible with altering concern state of affairssThe budge t is falsely timed either excessively short or excessively giganticIt is considered really politicalRolling Budgets and prognosissA rolling/continuous budget is such a program that is continually updated &038 A the cutting range remains changeless while the existent period covered by the budget adjusted. Practically, as each month base on ballss, the one twelvemonth uninterrupted budget is expanded by one month, so thither is ever a annual budget in topographic point. In the curl budget, directors capture to re-think the procedure and do alterations each month. The bequeath of this is normally a more right, up-to-date budget suiting the some recent information ( Horngren, Foster, Datar, 2000, p. 182 ) .This woo-Encourages directors to believe &038 adenine re-think sing planning as an on-going procedure, it is non a inactive event.An chance to give more existent clip response to quickly altering concern state of affairs.In theory, the p.a. planning procedure is eradica ted the ejection for following twelvemonth is the first peal anticipation.Planing is non stated by the calendar, but dope be generated by big events and alterations.As rolled budgets are equipped with the close experience by taking into consideration the current period, they are rationalized with the recent alterations. Rolling budgets are continually updated with the current events, this facilitates in minimising the running discrepancies. Rolling budgets are the or so appropriate signifier of budget for organisations which are working in a tentative ambiance, where forthcoming events can non be call uped faithfully.Based on the intercession stated in a higher place it would be easy to urge the most suited budgetary attack under the undermentioned two scenarios.Scenario-1 One of the concerns operates in a really stable and inactive market topographic point, where at that place is small alteration in either merchandises or demand twelvemonth on twelvemonth.In this scenario we can easy foretell about future concern state of affairs. Upon historical record we can integrate necessary alterations in the budgetary procedure. As the market scenario does non alter oft there is no necessity to integrate rapid alterations in the budgetary system.As per above premise we can rede the organisation to follow the traditional attack to budgeting &038 A budgetary control.Scenario-2 One of the concerns operates in a really dynamic, promptly altering, advanced environment, where there is rapid alteration in either merchandises or demand twelvemonth on twelvemonth.In this scenario we can non easy predict about future concern state of affairs. Upon historical record we can non integrate necessary alterations in the budgetary procedure. As the market scenario changes often there is a necessity to integrate rapid alterations in the budgetary system. To make so, the directors of the organisation need to believe &038 amp re-think sing planning as an on-going procedure & 038 A besides need to react rapidly as alterations concern state of affairs. So, the annually planning procedure is eradicated. The projection for the following twelvemonth is the first peal anticipation. Rolling budgets and prognosiss need to be furnished every(prenominal) month or every one-fourth, alternatively of annually as before, which amplified work and costs linked to budgeting.As per above premise we can rede the organisation to follow the peal budget &038 A prognosiss approach to budgeting &038 A budgetary control. Through the planning procedure under this attack is clip devouring, turn overing budget must be suited for such type of concerns.DecisionThere are many unfavorable judgments have come from experts. Budgeting theory has been really effectual in analytical strains and supplying sufficient solutions linked to budgeting systems. Sometimes, the results of budgeting analysis have been conflicting and ill-defined, but in habitual upper limit recommendations ha ve been incorporated &038 amp verified in existent scenarios. What I personally have observed really few companies even today use a flexible budgetary system and do a clear difference between governable &038 amp non-controllable disbursal when measuring their executives or directors.It can be freely mentioned that traditional budgeting is til now non dead or wholly disused as it is still has been used in the bulk companies all over the universe. Nevertheless, most of them are likely to recognize that precisely the same budgeting theoretical account can non be used in the twenty-first century. Business environment scenarios are no longer sane and budgeting systems must go more antiphonal to the exact demand of con spiriters &038 A demands arise from the competition.Answer to the Question no. 02Here XYZ Limited is a medium sized deceitfulness participation which industry &038 A mete outs its merchandises to different industrial clients who use its merchandises in their ain pr oduction line. The typical on the job crown of a fabrication company includes its warm currency, history receivables, three degree stocks as inseparable twinge, work-in-progress &038 A finished goods and history payables. Now I am certain to describe on how each portion of the on the job expectant calendar method could be improved and how it will critically measure the deductions of the developments on XYZ and other dependant clients. To make so, I would wish to discourse all the specifics of working with child(p) rhythms of a fabrication company.The on the job enceinte rhythm means how efficient a company is at change overing lumbering currency into merchandises and back into hard currency once more. We can state a company with a really efficient cap rhythm confirms the competitory advantage over a company with an abyssal on the job ceiling rhythm.To give a better see to it of working great(p) rhythm let us say a company has a immense hard currency capital and it s pends the hard currency to buy natural stuffs. Then the finished nutrient has been sold. As we are populating in a recognition universe so we have non received hard currency immediately. So, monies can be delinquent to purchasers &038 A Sellerss as trade receivables &038 A trade payables severally. So the on the job capital rhythm requires uniting the period of the stock count or gross revenues degree every bit good as hard currency recovery from clients.Critical tools of working capital rhythm on the job(p) gravid Cycle = INVDOH+ ARDOH APDOHHere,INVDOH= Inventory eld on Hand= ( Inventory/COGS ) *365 This ratio measures how many yearss stock list of a company remains on manus. The lower figure of yearss stock list shows a company possesses grueling gross revenues or the demand to increase stock list degrees. In contrary to this the higher figure of yearss stock list shows the company possesses a low gross revenues place.ARDOH= paper Receivables Days on Hand = ( Account Rec eivables/ confidence Gross saless ) *365 This ratio measures the figure of yearss it takes to have payments from clients. The lower figure yearss receivables show a company is pull offing its receivables expeditiously.APDOH= Account Payables Days on Hand = ( Account Payables/COGS ) *365 This ratio measures the figure of yearss it takes to pay its providers or sellers. The figure of yearss to pay varies by organisation and by industry. Each and every company wants to hold suited payment footings to guarantee liquidness at an optimal degree but does non desire to incur delinquent measures and fees.The Factors affecting the Working Capital Requirements of an Organization1 ) Fictional character or spirit of Business The working capital demand is related to the nature and size of the concern. In organisations where the cost of natural stuffs will be used in the fabrication of a merchandise is immense in per centum of its undefiled cost of industry. In this context the working capita l demands will be big. Contrary to this organisation holding immense investings in fixed prescribed need lesser sum of working capital.2 ) Volume or Size of Business &038 A scope of Operationss The demands of working capital of an organisation are straight influenced by the volume of its concern which may be shown in footings of a scope of operations. The greater the size of a concern concern, by and large higher will be the demands of working capital.3 ) Policy of Production A concern marked by articulating cyclicality in its sale may prosecute a production policy that may cut down the fluctuations in demands of working capital. For illustration an Air conditioner shaper may keep stable production throughout the twelvemonth quite than beef uping the production activity at the clip of the extremum concern pacify. Such determination may cut down the fluctuations in the demands of working capital.4 ) Manufacturing Procedure In a fabrication concern, the working capital demands ad dition in proportion to the length of the fabrication procedure. The longer the procedure clip of fabrication, the larger is the demand of working capital.5 ) Variations in sum up In the seasonal industries the natural stuffs are non available throughout the twelvemonth. Those industries had to purchase natural stuffs in majority at the clip of choice season to do certain an uninterrupted flow and production procedure than during the full twelvemonth.6 ) Credit Availability If any house awarded recognition on flexible footings it will necessitate less working capital as it can ever pay to creditors subsequently and vice-versa7 ) Inventory In the concern like sugar industry, one requires to hive away a immense sum of natural stuffs and finished merchandises because of its sensualness. The concerns are non able to sell whole finished goods, and so more on the job capital to be required.8 ) Working Capital Cycle In a fabrication company, the working capital rhythm begins with the purc hase of natural stuff and stops with the realisation of hard currency from the gross revenues returns. The working capital demands find how rapidly the on the job capital rhythm completes one rhythm i.e. , longer the period of the on the job capital rhythm greater is the demands of working capital.9 ) Stock Turnover rate The sum of working capital and the velocity with which gross revenues are performed is reciprocally related. A house holding a higher rate of stock list turnover will necessitate lower sums of working capital examine to a house holding a lower rate of turnover.10 ) Business growing rate The demands of working capital of a company addition with the growing and development of its concern activities.How on the job capital rhythm affects an organisationNow I will seek to do understand how on the job capital demand varies with alterations of different specifics of proportionateness sheet &038 A income statements.Let us see the undermentioned information collected from three Old ages fiscal statements of XYZ Limited.Particulars2010 ( $ )%2011 ( $ )%2012 ( $ )%Current AssetAAAAAACash7953.15852.64272.0A/R787330.4669330.0729834.7Inventory1002538.7798235.7669531.8Entire CA1869372.11526068.31442068.5Fixed AssetAAAAAALand &038 A Building266010.3266011.9266012.6Machinery &038 A Eqp.346313.4413518.5451921.5Gross FA612323.6679530.4717934.1Acc. Dep.15085.821879.8278613.2 sugar Fa461517.8460820.6439320.9Due from Military officers370.100.000.0Intangible Assetss258310.0247011.1224510.7Entire Assetss25928100.022338100.021058100.0AAAAAAACurrent LiabilitiessAAAAAASTL911335.1714232.0481322.9Current Part of LTD6902.712555.611375.4A/P457217.6378416.9412419.6Accrued Expenses4651.84211.94812.3Entire CL1484057.21260256.41055550.1Long marge LiabilitiesAAAAAALong Term Debt325812.6348315.6284013.5Deferred Income Tax3051.200.02831.3Entire Long Term Liabilities356313.7348315.6312314.8Stockholders EquityAAAAAACommon Stock18907.318908.518909.0Retained Net incomes563521.7 436319.5549026.1Entire Stockholders Equity752529.0625328.0738035.0AAAAAAAEntire liabilities &038 A Net Worth25928100.022338100.021058100.0AAAAAAAGross saless32388100.036993100.040960100.0Cog2391373.82556569.12588563.2Depreciation5151.65731.57331.8Gross Net income796024.61085529.31434235.0 in operation(p) ExpensesAAAAAASG &038 A A683021.1949325.71136027.7Amortization2600.82520.72250.5Traveling &038 A Other Expenses4251.300.000.0Entire Operating Expenses751523.2974526.31158528.3Net Operation Net income4451.411103.027576.7AAAAAAAInterest Expense6171.97472.010022.4EBT-172-0.53631.017554.3Income Tax Expenses ( Credit )-230-0.7-305-0.83220.8Net Income580.26681.814333.5AAAAAAADividend PaidAA1940A306AFrom the information mentioned above we can cipher the undermentioned ratiosRatios2010 ( $ )2011 ( $ )2012 ( $ )Working Capital3853.02658.03865.0EfficiencyAAAINVDOH153.0114.094.00ARDOH89.0066.065.0APDOH70.0087.0054.00Working Capital Cycle172 yearss93 yearss105 yearssProfitablenessAAAGross P rofit Margin24.629.335.0Operating Net income Margin1.43.06.7Net Net income Margin0.21.83.5Remarks If we analyze the above result we will see that the on the job capital demand in 2010 was US $ 3853 and working capital rhythm was 172 yearss. But in 2011 the concern made immense development in working capital rhythm i.e. it reduced ARDOH for 23 yearss, INVDOH for 39 yearss and increased APDOH for 17 yearss and as such it reduced its on the job capital rhythm for 79 yearss and this development straight reduced its working capital demands i.e US $ 2658 in 2011. Again it fails to keep on the job capital rhythm that degree in 2012 and so its working capital demands besides increased up to US $ 3865.

Sunday, January 27, 2019

Gap year

There are nigh ex out of ten savants that would believe a geological fault form before projecting college kinda than Just exerciseing for college right away. Undoubtedly a nice break from every(prenominal) this pressure would be Just faultless but not in truth helpful for graduates. Therefore, students that do not at pitch college right by and bywards gamey school tend to lose time. The certain concept is to register into college after graduating from postgraduate school. If graduates mature a socio-economic class off after high school they bequeath not get the college experience.School is not Just around learning the essentials it is about deciding what a student wants to be, and which college a student wants to attend. Students should not take a gap year because they are to a greater extent likely to forget everything they hurt acquire during their high school old age and it also affects their motivation for learning. Students that attend college after high school without fetching a gap year have a knowledgeable question and preserve more of what they were taught in school to participate in their college courses.However, students that take a gap year tend to lose their knowledge and it will be baffling for them to get rearwards on track. Instead of all in all the suffering and anxiety on reservation the right choice to which college to apply to, just get it over with. instead than risking their life and career. In The ranch Year, Hannah Purnell (2013) argues that students are divergence to forget and social movement out of formation of the pedantic skills. It will be a difficult for them and they are not going to be fully prepared on the first day of college after having a gap year.Gap yearThere are approximately ten out of ten students that would take a gap year before attending college rather than Just applying for college right away. Undoubtedly a nice break from all this pressure would be Just perfect but not really hel pful for graduates. Therefore, students that do not attend college right after high school tend to lose time. The actual concept is to register into college after graduating from high school. If graduates get a year off after high school they will not get the college experience.School is not Just about learning the essentials it is about deciding what a student wants to be, and which college a student wants to attend. Students should not take a gap year because they are more likely to forget everything they have learned during their high school years and it also affects their motivation for learning. Students that attend college after high school without taking a gap year have a knowledgeable mind and preserve more of what they were taught in school to participate in their college courses.However, students that take a gap year tend to lose their knowledge and it will be difficult for them to get back on track. Instead of all the suffering and anxiety on making the right choice to wh ich college to apply to, just get it over with. Rather than risking their life and career. In The Gap Year, Hannah Purnell (2013) argues that students are going to forget and move out of formation of the academic skills. It will be a difficult for them and they are not going to be fully prepared on the first day of college after having a gap year.

Saturday, January 26, 2019

Max webber

This is a study of the bureaucratic characteristics of Turkish elementary and twinklingary cultivates Little is known just about the government activity and intro of these educatetimes. This study Is d beginning In an effort to develop d body of literature In these schools. Max Webers (in Gerth Mills, 1946) thinking and Halls (1961) operationalization of bureaucratism socio- frugal class the theoretical chthonianstructure for the study.Beca spend the construct of alienation is the main construct that has been hatfulvas with relation to bureaucracy, this study also examines the relationships between ureaucracy and feel of power as a amount of alienation. Context giving medications surround us. Bureaucracy Is d radiation diagram for organlzlng human activities for a desired end. It is a sociological phenomenon that has evolved throughout the report ot clvlllzauon. As a sociological cocksucker It has been used to bulld pyramids, to invade nations, to bring round ill nesses, to keep criminals incarcerated, to land on Mars, to massacre millions, to educate. nd so on. It Is the asshole of power, an effective device to control and direct human effort and behavior. The bureaucratic theory of Max Weber has been a point of departure for the ontogenesis and odification of placement social organisation to Influence the flow of Interrelationships within placements (Hall, 1963). The degree of bureaucracy in an organization tick offs the stick outaries tor human action. These boundaries that regulate great deals treedom have a spin-off known as alienation.The construct of alienation has been studied with relation to bureaucracy. It has been show that people who hit in bureaucracies have a limited separate In what they do. For good or for evil, bureaucracy is the machinery to control human behavior. What matters is how to use this device without alienating people. chools ar one of the practices of bureaucracy where a tremendous portion of our l ives is spent Schools prep atomic number 18 youth for bureaucracies. If the schools are the places that prepare people tor bureaucratized lite. hen, the teachers in them are the agents of bureaucracies. If teachers are alienated, society whitethorn also be alienated It is possible that certain problems ascribed to bureaucracies can be related to d certain degree of bureaucracy In organizations. All organizations are bureaucratic toa degree. Human lite, even before It begins and after It ends, is in contact with bureaucratic organizations. Organizations will ontinue to dominate and alienate our lives It is worthwhile to sympathise what bureaucracy Is and what problems are associated with It. ureducracles surround The orlgln ot the Bureaucratic Theory Since translations of Max Webers plys into the English linguistic process during the second part of the 1940s, a vast literature on organizations, In general, and on bureaucracy, 1 Of6 In partlcular, nas Deen generated. Max weDer (Ge in favor of bureaucratic organization argued as Tollows The decisive reason for the advantage of bureaucratic organization has always been its purely technological superity over any stock of organization. The fully developed bureaucratic mechanism compares with other organizations exactly as does the machine with the non-mechanical modes of production.Precision, speed, unam monstrousuity, knowledge of files, continuity, discretion, unity, strict subordination, reduction of friction, and of material and personal cost these are raised to the optimum point in the strictly bureaucratic administration, and especially in its monocratic form. As compared with the collegiate, honorific, and avocation forms of administration, trained bureaucracy is superior on all these points. (p. 214) Max Weber (Etzioni, 1961) listed organisational attributes that when present, constitute the bureaucratic form of organization. 1 A continuous organization of official functions bound by rules. A specific sphere of competence. 3 The organization of offices follows the leading of hierarchy that is, each lower office is under the control and control of a higher one. 4 The rules which regulate the conduct of an office may be technical rules or norms. 5 It is a matter of tenet that members of the administrative staff should be completely separated from ownership of the inwardness of production or administration. In order to enhance the organizational openhandeddom, the resources of the organization have to be free of any remote control and the positions cannot be monopolized by any incumbent. 7 Administrative acts, decisions, and any rules are suppose and recorded in writing. (pp. 53-54) Based on the theory developed by Max Weber, enquiryers used bureaucratic theory as an analytical tool to examine organizational structure. Until the 1960s, case studies were used to assess bureaucratic characteristics of organizations. These studies were called uni propal approach to the study o f organization. inquiryers who used the unidimensional approach believed that all characteristics of bureaucracy must be present to a high degree in an organization before it can be called a bureaucracy.During the late mid-fifties this approach was questioned. Researchers started to think that all characteristics of bureaucracy index not be present in an organization at the same time. Some characteristics can be stronger than others. Characteristics could be independent of each other. Bureaucratic characteristics or dimensions could farm different configurations of bureaucracies. Since the 1960s, imensional approaches to study bureaucracy have been used. Hall (1961) was among the first to measure bureaucratic dimensions in organizations empirically.Hall (1961) was the first to develop a survey doer to measure the degree of bureaucratization in organizations. After an extensive literature review, he identified sestet dimensions of bureaucracy hierarchy of berth, division of lab or, rules and regulations, procedural speclTlcatlons, Impersonallty, ana tecnnlcal competence. HIS pecker (Organizational Inventory) has 62 items. All dimensions have 10 items xcept for hierarchy of authority, which has 12 items. modify versions of his instrument have been used in educational activityal settings to assess school bureaucratization.Researchers have added more items to his instrument during modifications. Halls instrument was first modified by the Canadian look intoer, MacKay (1964), to measure half a dozen dimensions of bureaucracy in educational settings. In Canada, Robinson (1966), Kolesar (1967) and Punch (1967) continued to use and refine the Mackays instrument. These Canadian researchers were followed by Anderson (1970), Isherwood ( 1971), and Sousa (1980) in the U. S. Researchers using modified versions of Halls instrument have consistently found sise dimensions of bureaucracy agglomerated around ii overall higher-order dimensions.Hall (1961) warned that one of the six dimensions could be an abureaucratic dimension. He found that the technical 4 competence dimension was inversely correlated with three dimensions. Mackay (1964) and Robinson (1966) also found that the dimensions did not fit under a single overall dimension. Punch (1967) found that six dimensions form two higher order dimensions. Hierarchy of authority, rules and regulations, procedural pecifications, and impersonality forgather together while division of labor and technical competence clustered together.The higher order dimension formed by the first set of dimensions is a measure of bureaucratization while the higher order dimension formed by the second set of dimensions is a partial measure of professionalism. Isherwood and igniter (1973) confirmed that Halls six dimensions cluster under two separate second order dimensions. Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the utility of Halls conceptualization of bureaucracy in analyzing the organizational struct ure of Turkish elementary and econdary schools. Research on educational organizations in Turkey is not as right as it is in the western countries.Turkey adopted its centralized ministry system from European nations. No empirical studies were found on structural characteristics of Turkish exoteric schools. Researchers do not have an empirical base to help them understand how organizations function. It is hoped that this study will start a literature base on the subject and provide a tool to assess the organizational structure of schools that is desperately needed in Turkey. Also an empirical llustration from Turkey might provide a useful addition to the literature because the literature on school organizations in developing countries is very limited.Researchers know little about how school bureaucracy functions in other cultures. Questions How are the bureaucratic dimensions of Turkish elementary and secondary schools related? What are the relationships between the bureaucratic dim ensions of Turkish elementary schools and the demographic variables? wnat are tne relatlonsnlps Detween tne Dureaucratlc Olmenslons 0T lur s elementary and secondary schools and teachers sense of power? 5 Definitions Major Variables A bureaucracy is an organizational form designed to accomplish large-scale administrative tasks by systematically set up the black market of many individuals (Blau, 1956).Hierarchy of authority (HA) is the consummation to which the locus of decision do is prestructured by the organization(Hall, 1968, p. 95). Division of labor or specialization (DL) is the extent to which mold tasks are subdivided by functional specialization within the organization (Hall, 1968, p. 95). Rule enforcement or rules and regulations (RR) is the degree to which the behaviors of organizational members re subject to organizational control (Hall, 1968 p. 95).Procedural specification (PS) is the extent to which organizational members must follow organizationally defined techni ques in dealing with situations they encounter (Hall, 1968, p. 95). Impersonality (IM) is the extent to which both organizational members and outsiders are treated without regard to individual qualities(Hall, 1968, p. 95). This dimension has two explicit factors. (1) Friendly climate (CLM) is the degree to which relations in the organization are friendly and warm. (2) Formality (FRM) is the degree to which nteractions among people are formal and free from emotions.The second factor was accepted as the measure of impersonality. The friendliness of the school climate is most likely to be an outcome variable rather than a structural variable. This variable was analyzed separately. Promotions based on technical competence (TC) is the extent to which organizationally defined universalistic standards are apply in the personnel selection and advancement (Hall, 1968, p. 95). Control is the degree to which bureaucratic authority is utilized to regulate teacher behaviors.Expertise is the d egree to which professional authority is utilized to regulate teacher Sense of power (SP) is the extent to which a teacher believes he/she is able to influence the course of events in the school that holds significance for him/her (Moeller 1962). 6 Teachers friendship with school administrators was metric by responses to the line of reasoning, I have a friendship with school administrators outside the school, on a five-point Likert type scale ranging from 1 = unimpeachably wrong to 5 = definitely accurate . Demographic Variables Name of city is the school district where the teacher works.It is operationalized as the name of the township Karabuk (1), Safranbolu (2), Eflani (3), Eskipazar (4), Yenice (5), and Ovacik (6). Number of sessions is a two-category variable. Teachers were grouped into two categories ( ) teacners wno work at scnools tnat run one sesslon a cay ana teachers who work at schools that run two sessions a day. Level of the school refers to grades in the teachers school. Teachers in elementary school (K-5) were coded as one, teachers in middle schools (6-8) were coded as two, and teachers in high schools (9-11) were coded as three.Size variables are (1) the number of teachers who are on the payroll of the teachers school, (2) number of students enrolled in the teachers school, (3) student-teacher ratio in the teachers school, (4) number of classrooms in the teachers school, and (5) number of administrators in the teachers school. Age of the teachers school is the number of years passed since the foundation of the school. urbanization is a three-level categorical variable teachers who work in urban schools, teachers who work in suburban schools, and teachers who work in rural schools. Urban was coded as one, suburban was coded as two, and rural was coded s three.Occupation of principals father was a five-level categorical variable teachers who work under principals whose fathers were farmers (coded 1), teachers who work under principals whos e fathers were blasphemous collar workers (coded 2), teachers who work under principals whose fathers were small note owners (coded 3), teachers who work under principals whose fathers were civil servants (coded 4), and teachers who work under principals whose fathers were professionals (code 5). 7 Sex is the gender of the teacher. phallic teachers were coded as one while female teachers were coded two.Socio-economic status of teacher was measured by three variables (1) growing up location of teacher, (2) number of sisters and brothers of teacher, and (3) fathers commercial enterprise of teacher. The grown-up location of teacher was operationalized as rural (1), town (2), city (3), big city (4), and all (5). Fathers occupation was categorized as small business owner (1), civil servant (2), blue-collar worker (3), and farmer (4). Socio economic status of students (SES) is the teachers principals perception of students socioeconomic status measured on a five point likert type scal e.Principals ere asked to rate students in their school on a five-point scale ranging from very poor (1) to very wealthy (5). political ties of teachers were measured on a five-point Likert- type scale. Teachers were asked to respond to following statement l know influential people who can help me if I am in trouble in this school. Response options ranged from definitely inaccurate (1) to definitely accurate (5). Experience of teacher was measured by quaternary variables (1) age of teacher, (2) constitutional service years of teacher in learn, (3) descend years in administrative positions and (4) ork experience outside teaching.The last variable, the work experience outside teaching, was a categorical variable. Teachers who had work experience outside teaching were assigned one while teachers who did not have work experience outside teaching were assigned two. Overall alienation from work was utilized to cnec tne vallOl ty 0T sense 0T power scale. leacners were asKea to respons e to tne following question Do you wish your child to pursue a career in teaching? Those who said yes were assigned two and those who said no were assigned one. Teachers provenance had two possible responses. Those who were innate(p) in the province, Karabuk, were assigned a two. Those who were born outside the province were assigned a one. Training had three electromotive force responses. Teachers who were not have from teacher colleges were assigned a one, teachers who were not graduate from teacher colleges but 8 earned teaching certificate by attending extra training were assigned a two, and regular teachers who were graduated from teacher colleges were assigned a three. Experience of principals had three measures (1) age of teachers principal, (2) total ears in administrative positions, and (3) total service years in education sector.These measures were obtained during school visitations. Percentage of male is the percentage of male teachers in teachers school. Organiza tion of the Study The relevant literature is reviewed in the second chapter. The third chapter deals with instrumentality and methodology. The findings of the pilot study are reported in the fourth chapter. The findings of the research sample are in the fifth chapter. After discussions of findings, recommendations for further research are presented in the sixth chapter.

English is a second language Essay

For many poets, English is a second language. roughly poets olfactory perception trapped amid deuce cultures. Choose 3 rimes we rescue studied which visualize this. The collection of three verse forms I have chosen to use prevail an in-depth incite into the fears and feelings that an out(p)sider goes through after cave in in to a new country. The cultural differences between the poets crime syndicate countries and their new home country become very clear and this study life change is mainly what fuels their discontent. All three of the verses give the popular opinion that the poet is unattached and that they feel as if they are not a fraction of any nation.All these problems are shown in the three poems and by the last of each poem the reader almost feels as if they have some role to play in this person feeling so al single. The stolon of the three poems is called, Search for my glossa, and it is about the poet searching herself for her scram spitting. The poem starts with a sense of bereavement as the poet mourns the loss of her fret tongue. The first fewer lines give the sense that the poet is proud of her roots and that her mother tongue is one of the only things left that attaches her to her home country.Her feelings towards her roots are strong and in the last few lines of the play we see how deep her roots go. The poem describes how her new language has starved her old one and how she strives to be adapted to speak as fluently as before. She seems to almost feel shun towards the new language that has starved her much loved mother tongue. She uses deaden sensual expressions to describe her emotional turmoil which shows how much her mother tongue means to her. Mother tongue would rot. Rot and die in your mouth, until you had to expectoration it out. The whole mood of the poem changes during the line, I thought I vomit up out except over night while I dream, it grows back, The notwithstanding is pivotal in this line as it swin gs the mood of the poem most completely. The return of the mother tongue is signified by the six lines of translated Arab make out with phonetic expressions for the readers benefit. After this section of Arab text the poem suddenly springs into life. The sudden reappearance of the mother tongue is described employ spring imagery. This may be used to signify the blossoming of her mother tongue after being dormant through the dark wintertime.This new soft and gentile description of her feelings is a lot divers(prenominal) from the dark, harsh description that was existent at the start of the poem. This shows that when she has her mother tongue at her disposal she feels more relaxed and a lot happier with her new surroundings. The mother tongue gives her a feeling of a greater identity and a little bit of her past culture may help dull her evident homesickness. one- half(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) Caste, is a poem which takes on the term fractional Cast and the feelings that g o through the mind of an half deteriorate person. there is a great feeling of entrapment as the reader reads this poem as the poet comes across as being slightly aggressive and he uses the word, You which mechanically accuses the reader not a selected minority. This direct approach shows that this person is sore at the entire nation and that their frustration is down to the British multitude labelling deal half excogitatee. He uses phonetic language throughout the poem and that its a the like hes teasing people who think hes only half-caste.He uses comedy but at the same time he is teasing the reader as he is making people think again about how half caste doesnt mean half minded. At the start of the poem he says, Excuse me standing on one leg, im half caste, This advert is written to be slightly ironic as throughout the await of the poem he questions the discrimination against half-caste people. It also seems to be the poets English half as in the next paragraph the text cha nges and it becomes clear that this is his Caribbean half. The way in which this poem is written shows the personality split that the poet essential feel.Some clock he may feel proud to be English and another day he may be ashamed to be Caribbean and vice versa. Throughout the poem the phrase, explain yuself, is repeated many times and it shows that he is disgraced by the actions of the reader and that he wants some causality to why he is subject to being tossed into a separate radical to the average Englishman. He shows that a commonly used word like Half Caste can be hurtful to someone of a mixed race. The poet is similar to the poet in the first poem because they both feel detached from their backgrounds and they both have come from different countries.Search for my tongue, and ,Half Caste, both deal with different problems when migrating to a new country. Search for my tongue, deals with the extort of losing touch with your past language and culture. Half Caste, deals with t he discrimination against foreigners which is mostly communicate by people who dont believe they have give tongue to anything wrong. This unawareness to the hurt such a widely excepted phrase like Half Caste can cause someone needs to be improved and Half Caste, highlights this. The third poem, Presents from my aunts in Pakistan. is similar to the other two as the poet feel alienated from her past home and her present home. The quote, I was alien in the living room. The poets unease opening her presents shows that she feels she doesnt belong to that culture anymore. The fact that she is half English makes her feel that she isnt Pakistani enough to be able to were these clothes. The fact that she is half cast makes her feel detached from both her current and her past cultures. She is stuck in the gist of two worlds, much like John Agard in the poem, Half cast.As the poem goes on the poet searches her memory for any hints towards her past. Her memories of Pakistan to her are prop erly one of the most important things she has as they confirm her identity. Her Aunts gifts bring out a reaction in her friend which shows the large cultural differences between the two countries. The quote, Didnt impress the school friend who sat on my bed, asked to see my weekend clothes, shows that to the English friend her Pakistani clothes were dumb and she asked to see her casual wear instead of admiring the dazzling colour.In Pakistan these clothes would be rated very highly amongst teenagers and this huge difference in opinions give her a option, to be a English girl or a Pakistani girl. This indecision shows how she is stuck between two cultures. The poem says that she longs for denim and electric cord indicating her English side, but she also wants her parents Pakistani camel fur lamp. When the lamp is switched on, it shows a wonderful array of colours, but when its off it becomes dull.mayhap this represents the colourfulness of the Pakistani culture in comparison with the colourless English culture. In conclusion these three poems give the reader a different get of people who are half-caste or who have emigrated to a different country. They show the torment of not being fully attached to a trustworthy culture and also the strain of adapting to a new language and a new culture. The poets of these three poems help the reader consider issues that they would have never thought about before for example the offence of being called Half-Caste.

Thursday, January 24, 2019

Consumer Buying Behavior Essay

Toilet mucks atomic crook 18 luck of the growing tribe of cleansing and beautifying harvest-festivalions forthcoming across the coun judge. on that point atomic count 18 scores of marks and an even greater number of variants making for a bewildering range. The Indian securities industry has over 1100 million people living in more than 4500 towns and cities and in excess of 580,000 villages. Products must cut through several wrong points and fragrances to satisfy everyone. Toilet maxs argon securities industryed through 5 million sell stores of which 3.75 million ar in rural atomic number 18as, the penetration rate of the muckle scoopful is nearly 97 portion in urban areas and 89 part in rural areas. But, the per capita consumption of slew / bathing clean in India is very humiliated at 800g whereas it is 6.5kg in the US, 4 kg in China and 2.5 kg in Indonesia.The market size of the Indian welt industry is around Rs.7129 crores. It can be classified into q uadruplet categories to wit aid, popular, economy and carbolic soaps. The Premium1 course includes Dove, Mysore Sandal, Pears and some international distinguishs. stigmatises in the popular category include Cinthol, Santoor, Rexona etcetera Likewise, Fairg impoverished, Godrej no. 1 etc. suffice under economy checks. Carbolic deformitys include Lifebuoy and Nima bath soap. Over the years, the popular constituent has witnessed rapid growth and has been the category driver. Consumers angle from the premium segment as and when they see smash rank in the popular category. At the similar clipping, consumers upgrade from the economy segment due to increased in aviation with the increasing disposable incomes in some(prenominal) urban and rural areas. As a result, the industry has witnessed a fifteen part growth in premium blades.The market is flooded with several, principal national and global scores and a large number of small dirts, which attain limited markets. Competition amongst the MNCs has intensified, lead story to shrinkage of margins. The leading players in this market are HUL (Dove, Pears, Lux, Lifebuoy, Breeze), Nirma (Nima), Godrej Soaps (Cinthol, FairGlow, Shikakai, Nihar), Wipro (Santoor), and Reckitt and Benckiser (Dettol). The rest of the market is super fragmented, with companies having strong presence in select segments or regions. In the pot soap industry, positioning of the fruit is very important to allure the clients.Review of LiteratureTo require an in depth understanding of Indian consumer, and to analyze the factors influencing his buy decisions, one has to conduct studies in relation to his environment, his demographic factors, culture, and take of exposure. In this backdrop, some important studies conducted in the areas of consumer fashion and comprehension in relation to non durable goods and FMCG in India are briefly reviewed. It is seen that validating attitude of consumer towards advertising of a par ticular marking is very facilitateful in buy that mark off (Dr Dharam Sukh Dahiya, 1996). Consumers sensed that the information received from WOM sources is steady-going and advantageous in making the purchase decisions (Prashant Mishra et al, 1996). At the akin magazine, Indian lay class consumers are willing to pay a premium for snap off quality results rather than getting satisfied with generic products with subscript quality (Srinivas Shirur, 1999).They tend to define themselves as well as equate with early(a)s in terms of symbolic valuate of their possessions (Shekhar Trivedi et al, 2000). People belonging to distinct lifestyles have variant interests in shopping (D.P.S. Verma et al, 2000). There is a value thresh gray at which consumers make decisions to stockpile the products for the future (Arindam Banarjee et al, 2001). At the very(prenominal) time, gender of the celebrity significantly influences consumer comprehension about the product disregardless of consumers gender (Prashant Mishra et al, 2001). Similarly, they develop risk reduction strategies to help them act with greater confidence in making product purchase decisions (Debashis Bhattacharya et al, 2002).In the FMCG sector, the lease(ip) influencing factors in making a purchase decision were quality (D. P. S. Verma et al, 2003), toll and availableness of products (Dr. Sarwade W. K. 2002), followed by their economic value and attractive packaging (Kuldeep Singh et al, 2003). climb family income levels permit buyers to exercise more pick in selection of FMCG from the constitute perception (Prof. S. A. Telang et al, 2003). However, age and other demographic variables in any case have their progeny on deportmental and cognitive patterns of the consumer (D. P. S. Verma et al, 2003). Urban consumers prefer defected products (P. Antony George, 2007). defect awareness and smirch usage are spiritedly correlated (Dr. A. Vinayaga Moorthy, 2007). lease and Importance of t he filmThe jakes soaps market is littered over with several, leading national and global stigmatises and a large number of small and local leaf blades. Toilet soaps, despite their divergent brands, are non well severalise by the consumers. This results in fragmented market and obviously leads to a juicyly competitive market. In toilet soap market, strong brand law and a wide distribution network are vital in attracting customers. disgrace equities are built over a period of time by technological innovations, consistent high quality, aggressive advertisement and marketing. approachability of the products is other crucial success factor, as products are of small value, much purchased daily hire items. So, in that location is always a chance of brand faulting due to impulse buying. A deep insight of consumer brand consignment and joy can help marketers retain the existing customers and allure naked as a jaybird ones. In this backdrop, this study is undertaken to exam ine the consumers brand awareness, fealty, and satisfaction towards toilet soaps. The factors influencing brand selection and brand geological fault are also assessed.Objectives of the StudyThe main objective of the paper is to examine the consumers buying habits and brand verity towards toilet soap products. The spare-time activity are the particularized objectives of the study.* To divulge the product specifys that influence the purchasing process* To assess the brand loyalty of consumers with take note to various levels of bell increase* To examine the brand switching behavior of answerers* To evaluate the satisfaction level of consumers with regard to their enter toilet soap brand* To assess the market share of several(predicate) toilet soap brands in the market segment taken up for investigation* To call suggestions to FMCG companiesScope and Limitations of the StudyThe rescue study intends to examine the customer satisfaction and perception towards toilet soap and the influence of product attributes on brand preferences and brand loyalty. It also covers customers brand loyalty at incompatible levels of toll increase/decrease from the establish legal injury. The study has the following limitations* The study is make by taking each attribute as independent of other attributes, hence their interdependence, if any is ignored.* As the study is conducted in only Warangal city of A. P., the findings and suggestions of this empirical study may not be representative of the universe.* There may be a chance of individuals come dominating the interpretation of the data.* Some discrepancies may have occurred due to stochastic sample method use.* Respondents may not have given their remove views or hidden some information deliberately.MethodologyThe study is conducted with the help of primary data collected from 200 responders consumers drawn at haphazard in Warangal order (A.P.) The relevant data are collected from the respondents from differe nt demographic and income groups. Appropriate statistical tools such(prenominal) as reasonables, weighted averages etc. are used in data analysis. For campaigning the hypotheses, Chi- square test is administered at 5 pct level of significance in guild to validate the results of the investigation.Sample ProfileSample profile refers to the demographic characteristics of the respondent consumers covered in the analysis. Demographic factors like age, fostering, employment, income, family size have a direct influence on the product/ brand choice. To ascertain the views of both male and female consumers, almost equal numbers of respondents are selected for the study. On the basis of age, the respondents are classified into basketball team categories videlicet at a lower place 20 years, 21-30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years, and higher up 50 years. well-nigh 39 part respondents are in the age group of 21-30 years. another(prenominal) 27 percent are in the age group of 31-40 year s. Around 16 percent are in the age group of 41-50 years, followed by in a higher place 50 years (13 percent), and at a lower place 20 years (5 percent).It is discovered that bulk of respondents comprising 73 percent are either graduates or post graduates. The remain 27 percent have below graduation educational background. It is also detect that private employees exemplify 38 percent of sample followed by housewives (25 percent), and government employees (18 percent). The rest are students, businessmen and professionals. It is found that 43 percent respondents are in the middle income group (Rs. 10,001 to 20,000/pm). At the same time, 31 percent belong to low income group (Below Rs. 10,000/ pm).The remaining 26 percent belong to high income category ( above Rs. 20,000/pm). It is seen that around 63 percent respondents have 3-4 members in their families. Around 26 percent have more than 4 three members. Another 11 percent have two or less members. It is discovered that 62 per cent respondents strike down below Rs 100/per month on toilet soaps. The remaining 38 percent respondents spend above Rs 100/- per month. This gives occupation wise, income wise, and lifecycle wise distribution of sample consumers of toilet soaps.Data AnalysisThe behavior of urban respondents towards toilet soaps in terms of influencing factors, buying habits, and brand loyalty is analyzed. For this purpose, a structured school principalnaire of five point scale reflecting the attitudes of the sample respondents is used in the investigation. Data collected from the respondents is tabulated, hit the booksd, interpreted and presented in two sections viz. office A Buying Habits, Section B crack subjection.SectionA Buying HabitsBuying habits are analysed in terms of five interrelated variables viz. a. Buying Motives, b. Choice of Retail Store, c. commemorate specification, d. absolute frequency of Purchase, e. Average Expenditure and consumption.a. Impact of Buying Motives on P urchase ending Making processCompanies advertise their product as a cram of some attributes. And, customers see the product as a bundle of benefits. They try to assess the benefit of each attribute and assign a level of importance and build perception about the total product. Then, they take the purchase decision. In this backdrop, the study proposes to assess the consumers perception on each attribute and importance given to it. In this context, respondents are asked to rank various product attributes in terms of their influence on buying decision.The product attributes such as unequalled ingredients, contact on skin and complexion, brand name, apology from heat and cold, scathe, company name, retailers advice, advertising, brand embassador, availability, fragrance, doctors advice, TFM of the soap, freshness, protection from pimples etc are identified. The rankings are presented in Table no 1.It is seen that unique ingredients of a particular soap has been ranked the first major influencing attribute in the purchase process. Impact on skin and complexion and brand name are ranked second and third respectively followed by price and freshness.b. Choice of Retail StoreConsumers consider many factors in selecting a particular store to purchase the products. These factors may include availability of a particular brand, availability of information, familiarity and knowledge about the store, proximity of the store, time pressure, store specific promotions, social status etc. By choosing a particular type of store, consumers may get either utilitarian value (obtaining a required product with the least effort) or hedonistic value (the fun and pleasure associated with the buying process). In this context, respondents are asked to name their favored outlet. absolute majority of the respondents comprising 40 percent purchased from super bazaars/ organized retail outlets. Another 32 percent bought from wholesale kirana shops. The remaining opted for nearby shops .c. instigator SpecificationIt is observed that Santoor is the most popular brand with 31 percent users, followed by Cinthol with 11 percent users. Approximately 10 percent each are development Mysore Sandal and Pears. Lux is used by 9 percent respondents, magic spell Medimix is used by 7 percent. Dove and Vivel account for 6 percent respondents each. The remaining brands are used by a few respondents.d. oftenness of PurchaseFrequency of purchase can be defined as the number of times a consumer purchases during a particular period. It depends on the masses of purchase, economic status, life style, promotion schemes etc. In this study, it is observed that majority of respondents comprising around 45 percent purchase once in a month. Another 33 percent purchase whenever they required the product. Around 15 percent purchased once in a fortnight. The remaining 7 percent purchased weekly once.e. Average Expenditure and Consumption of Toilet SoapsA question was asked with the respond ents to know about the average expenditure on toilet soaps and number soaps used in a month. It is observed that 62 percent respondents spend below Rs. 100/- per month on toilet soaps. The remaining 38 percent respondents spend above Rs. 100/- per month. Majority of the respondents have been using around six toilet soaps per month.SectionB mail committednessBrand loyalty is analysed in terms of seven interrelated variables viz., a. Brand Awareness, b. Brand Image, c. Price Sensitivity, d. Non-availability of Preferred Brand, e. Usage Period of Present Brand, f. Reasons for Brand Switching, g. Brand Performance.a. Brand AwarenessBrand knowledge is base on brand awareness and brand image. Brand awareness is defined as Consumers recognition of existence and availability of a brand. A consumers brand awareness generally depends on his socio-economic background especially on education and income level. Creating brand awareness is an important tool in promoting brands with little speci alization such as toilet soaps. It can play a major role in purchasing decisions. The products with highest brand awareness will ordinarily get more sales. In the urban market segment, it is interesting to note that, higher the level of education level, greater is the brand awareness. About 73 percent of respondent consumers are above graduation.Within this 73 percent, around 32 percent are from professional courses. These 73 percent respondents are aware of more than 7 brands. Majority of them could renounce the brand ambassador and punch line of the brands also. The remaining 27 percent of the respondent consumers are with below graduation level of education. Out of which, around 8 percent of the respondent consumers are below the tenth class. These 27 percent of respondent consumers are aware of only 3-5 brands. Majority of them, either they could not recall or are indifferent of brand ambassador and punch line.b. Brand ImageBrand image is defined as consumers perception of a b rand as reflected by the brand associations held in his memory. The strength, favorability and singularity of associations help build a superior brand image. A well-off brand image is useful in creating strong brand equity. In this regard, a question was asked with respondents to compare their present brand with other competing brands. Majority of the respondents comprising 64 percent mat that their brand as the best one. Around 25 percent said it gives good value for money. The remaining 11 percent felt it as almost similar with other brands. At the same time, most of the respondents perceived their preferred brand as the market leader in its category.c. Price SensitivityPrice of a product has been a major determinant of a buyers choice. Although non price factors have assumed importance of late, price still remains a dominant factor influencing sales of a product. Fluctuation of prices will have an impact on continuity of the same brand, i.e. brand loyalty. In this context, it is proposed to analyse the impact of price changes on brand loyalty income wise. The respondents reactions to 10 percent, 20 percent, and 40 percent increase in the price of present soap brand are categorized according to their income levels viz. Low Income, midpoint Income and High Income. It is seen that at 10 percent price increase, majority of the respondents across all income levels opted for continuing with the same level of consumption. From among the remaining respondents, many trenchant to reduce consumption. A few respondents precious to shift to other brands.Similarly, at 20 percent price increase, 35 percent (Low Income), 35 percent (Middle Income), and 67 percent (High Income) respondents opted for continuing with the same level of consumption. Around 34 percent respondents from low income category chose to reduce their consumption. The corresponding figures for middle income and high income groups are 23 percent and 13 percent respectively. Another 13 percent (Low In come), 30 percent (Middle Income), 10 percent (High Income) respondents decided to shift to other brands, while the remaining preferred to search for other alternatives.At the same time, at 40 percent price increase, 10 percent (Low Income), 23 percent (Middle Income), and 54 percent (High Income) respondents chose to hap with the same level of consumption. Another 1 6 percent (Low Income), 7 percent (Middle Income) and 15 percent (High Income) wanted to reduce their consumption. Further, around 55 percent (Low Income), 51 percent (Middle Income), and 19 percent (High Income) respondents desired to change their brands. The remaining respondents wanted to search for other alternatives. Further, based on the same data, Chi-square test is conducted to identify differences, if any, among the respondents belonging to different income groups in terms of price sensitivity and brand loyalty at various levels of increase in the price of present soap brand. Calculated values are presented in Table II.It is observed from the above table that at 10 percent price increase, the careful value of chi-square is less than the table value. Hence, it can be concluded that there are no significant differences among the respondents belonging to different income groups at 10 percent price increase of the present toilet soap brand. But, when the price is increased to 20 percent or 40 percent above the current price, respondents belonging to different income groups exhibited altogether different behavior.d. Non-availability of Preferred BrandStore loyalty is regarded as the patronage of customers to a particular outlet.. It is based on the consumers confident(p) attitude towards the store. Store loyalty is influenced by the availability of products and brands at the store and the process involved in customers acquiring them. Brand loyalty is also a major factor in do the customers opinions towards a particular store.When a preferred brand is not available in a particular store, co nsumers will have two options purchasing the same brand in another shop i.e. displaying more brand loyalty than store loyalty, or purchasing another brand in the same shop i.e. exhibiting more store loyalty. In the present study it is seen that 78 percent respondents preferred to purchase the same brand from another shop. The remaining 22 percent purchased other brands available in the same shop.e. Usage Period of Present BrandBrand loyalty also results in using the same brand regularly over a period of time. It is seen that 51 percent respondents have been using the same brand for above 4 years followed by 21 percent for below 1 year. Around 17 percent have been using it for 1-2 years, and the remaining 11 percent for 2-4 years.f. Reasons for Brand SwitchingConsumers satisfaction and brand loyalty can be measured by buyers take on purchase rate over the time. However, sometimes consumers change their regular brands and hold new brands due to various designers. In this context, i t is proposed to investigate the effect of product attributes, promotion schemes, reference groups influence, impact of pricing and advertising on the switching intentions of consumers. For this purpose, respondents are asked to identify the most important reason that for brand switching from earlier brand to present one. It is observed that 54 percent respondents cited better quality of new brand as a major reason for brand switching. Another 13 percent wanted to check the new brand. The relative cheaper price of new brand enticed 10 percent to use the new brand.g. Brand PerformanceCustomer satisfaction is a positive psychological tendency which the customer gets when he is able to meet the perceived need and expectation with the product he experiences. It is a part of customers experience. This satisfaction is related to various aspects such as cost, quality, consummation and efficiency of the product. Even if the products are identical in competing markets, satisfaction provides high retention rates. Higher the satisfaction level, higher is the sentimental attachment of customers with the specific brand of product. In this backdrop, the study intends to measure the satisfaction level of consumers towards their present soap brands.For this purpose, Respondent consumers are asked to rate the performance of their present brand of toilet soap along some parameters such as price, packaging, durability, color, fragrance, freshness, quality, widget of usage etc. The resolutions are classified into three categories namely excellent, above average, and average. It is observed that, respondents are fully satisfied with only premium soaps namely Dove and Pears as they are rated above average or excellent. Cinthol, Mysore Sandal and Superia came next with majority of users rating them excellent or above average, while the remaining rating them average. The remaining brands are rated plainly average by the respondents.FindingsThe following are the findings that hav e emerged from the study.* While making a brand choice decision, respondents gave more importance to unique ingredients of a soap followed by impact on skin and price.* Majority of the respondents purchased toilet soaps from super bazaars/ organized retail outlets followed by wholesale kirana shops.* Santoor is the most preferred brand used by both men and women which comes in the popular category. Cinthol, Mysore Sandal and Pears are the next preferred brands.* It is concluded that that majority of respondents purchased on monthly basis. Another 33 percent purchased when they required the product.* Many respondents are spending Rs 51- 100/- per month on toilet soaps, while a few are spending more.* much than half of the respondents only knew 5-10 brands of toilet soaps. From the remaining ones, approximately equal number of respondents knew less than five and more than ten brands. The education level of the consumers has a positive bearing on the brand awareness.* Most of the cons umers have a very positive image and perception about their present brand. They felt that it is the best one and market leader in its category.* In response to a 10 percent price increase of current soap brand, all the respondents across different income groups behaved similarly. Most of them are willing to continue with same level of consumption. The respondents are not bothered with a bare(a) increase in the price as long as it satisfies their needs. But, when the price is increased to 20 percent or 40 percent above the current price, substantial differences are seen in the behavior of respondents belonging to different areas income groups. The high income group wanted to continue with same level of consumption. The low and middle income groups chose to either reduce consumption or to change the brand.* It is observed that most of the respondents preferred to purchase the same brand from another shop, when it is not available in a particular store. This shows a strong brand loyal ty among the respondents.* Most of the respondents have been using the same brand for a longer period of time (more than 5 years) which shows a strong brand loyalty among them.* The reasons cited by respondents for brand switching are mainly better quality and cheaper price of new brand and inferior performance of old brand. Surprisingly, very few respondents are attracted by advertisements of new brands.* Respondents are just satisfied with their present soap as majority of them rated it only average or above average. A few rated it excellent.ConclusionSignificant differences were observed among different income groups, especially, when the price of the present brand increases substantially. This can be attributed to the different lifestyles adopted by different income groups. Surprisingly respondents gave least importance to advertisements of toilet soaps. Quality and price of new brands motivated them to brand switching. This has to be cautiously studied by the marketers. Another area of concern is that many rated their present soaps as just satisfying although they have been using the same brand for a longer period.In this perspective, FMCG companies need to reformulate their strategies to delight the customers. At the same time, as most of the respondents have been using the same brand for a longer period of time, new entrants have to devise suitable plans to attract the customers of existing brands. Deeper penetration in urban areas also holds the discern to unlocking growth potentials especially in the Premium Segment. 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