Imperialism in Africa and India

air division 1 A Scramble For Africa europiuman res publicas take to fuel industrial production Competed for new markets for goods and took huge interest in Africa Imperialism- rapture of a untaught or land by a stronger agricultural o Occurred throughout or so of Africa o Europe came in and dominated Mid 1800s Africans dual-lane into ethnic and linguistic groups round changeed to Islam and Christianity Most kept traditions and religion For 400 years African army able to keep Europeans out Until late 1800s Europe only dominated coast of Africa Couldnt navigate rivers Disease overly kept them out Specialized shift networks Introduction of steam queened river boats allowed Europeans to dominate much of Africas interior Those who did get in were against slave trade People learned about Africa through their publications The congou Sparks busy Dr. David Livingstone traveled with group of Africans into deep Africa to promote Christianity Several years fore gone and mint thought he was dead Henry Stanley went to find him and succeeded Stanley precious to trace course of congou River In 1879 and 1882 Stanley signed treaties with local chiefs of the Congo River Valley Gave King Leopold II of Belgium view as of these worldly concerns Leopold II sayed wanted to supplant slave trade and promote Christianity Brutally exploited Africans by forcing them to get word sap from rubber plants About 10 million Africans died due to debase In 1908 Belgian govt. took tame of Congo away from king Congo 80x jumbor than Belgium This alarmed France because they had signed treated that gave them affirm of north confide of Congo Soon More European and Latin American countries began to claim parts of Africa Forces Driving Imperialism Industrial Revolution drove European countries to happen more pop European countries searched for more markets Europeans viewed themselves as the greatest nation and race Racism- the belief that one race is tiptop to another(prenominal)wises amicable Darwinism- opening that those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were superior to others Non-Europeans on lower outdo of cultural and physical development because didnt make technological continue Europeans thought was their job to bring advancements to other countries European missionaries sought to convert lands to Christianity Hoped Christianity would bring end to evil practices like slave trade in like manner wanted to civilize landsFactors promoting Imperialism in Africa Europeans technological transcendency Europeans had guns Europeans had steam engines that allowed them to control deep Africa Europeans had railway systems, cables, and steamships that allowed them to communicate within settlement and to domineering nation Drug quinine prevented Europeans from catching infirmitys Africa wasnt unified due to change and wars fought amid different ethnic groups Divison of Africa Di scoveries of diamonds and gold in south Africa increase Europeans interest in conquering Africa every(prenominal) European countries became part of raceBerlin conference divides Africa Berlin Conference- 14 European nations who met to lay d sustain dominions for the disagreement of Africa Competition between European countries Any country could conquer land alone had to notify other European countries How Africans felt about it wasnt a factor Didnt pay attention to how ethnic and linguistic groups in Africa were distributed By 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia were free from European control strike for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies During colonization Europeans believed Africans would buy their goods Only few Africans did this Businesses motionless(prenominal) ask raw materials Greatest wealth obtained from Africa was large mineral sources Congo contained shit and tin This nothing compared to diamonds and gold in south Africa Developed funds set peanuts, palm em brocate, cocoa, and rubber Replaced food crops needed by husbandmans to prevail families Three Groups Clash over South Africa Zulu chief, Shaka used passing make grow warriors and good military organization to create large concentrate fix Shakas successors unable to keep control Zulu nation eventually put d aver to British controlBoers and British Settle in the Cape Boers- Dutch settlers (Boer=farmer in Dutch) who took Africans land and established large farms When British took control of Cape Colony there was clash over British policy of slaves and land Boers walk outd north in Great journey to escape from British Started fighting fiercely with Zulu and other African groups whose land was getting taken When Diamonds and gold found in south Africa Boers assay to keep alfrescors from gaining policy-making rights British tried to rebel against Boers and failed Boers rose against British in Boer war The war was brutal (no mercy) Many black grey Africans also pa rticipated Many were captured and put in British concentration camps Britain win war Europeans do efforts to change political, social and economic lives of people they conquered Section 2 Imperialism Imperialism of 18th and 19th century different than previous imperialism Europeans demanded more influence over all aspects of African lives Determined to shape economies to table service benefit European economies Wanted people to adopt European customsForms of take care 4 types o Colony- a country or territory governed internally by a foreign power o Protectorate- A country or territory with its own internal establishment but down the stairs the control of an outside power o Sphere of influence- an area in which and outside power claims goop investment or trading privileges o Economic imperialism- an independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other govts. Also had direct and collateral control Britain and U. S. prefere nt validating France and most other European nations preferred direct Indirect control o Relied on existing political rulers o Rulers adopted British Authority o Rulers handled much of routine management of colony o Each colony had legislative council ? colonial officials ? local merchants ? Professionals ? Colonial governor conduct Control French and other European didnt think Africans could run country Paternalism- the belief that the people in strength restrict freedoms to their subordinates for the subordinates good Gave them needs but not rights Europeans brought in own bureaucrats Didnt train Africans in European methods of govt. Assimilation- the idea that the local population would adopt the superior purification in magnitude to become more like them Africans adopted French gardening All schools, courts, and businesses patterned after French institutions In practice idea of absorption abandoned French resided to indirect control Recognized African cult ure but saw it as inferior Indirect Control Direct control local govt. fficials used contrasted officials brought in to rule check self-rule No self rule Goal to develop approaching leaders Goal assimilation Govt. institutions establish on European styles but may have Govt. institutions are found only on European styles local rules A British Colony Britain gained control of southern Nigeria several(prenominal) local rulers agreed to sign treaties of protection and accept British residents Others contrasted intervention and rebelled against it British defeated rebellions Royal Niger Comp. gained control of palm oil trade over Niger River Delta In 1914 British claimed entire Nigeria as colony Managing the Colony Nigeria culturally diverse Three main groups were o Hausa-Fulani ? Islamic ? Had strong central govt. o Yoruba Followed handed-down religion ? Relied on chiefs for control o Igbo ? Same as Yoruba Didnt have enough British troops to govern such complex area British resided to indirect control Worked well with Hausa-Fulani but not with other two groups Local chiefs of Yoruba and Igbo resented limited power African Resistance Africans resisted European attempts to colonize only if Europeans had more advanced weaponry Therefore, Africans didnt succeed in most cases Un happy Movements There was resistance and resistance through religious movements Algerias almost 50 year resistance against France West Africas Samori Toures 16 year resistance against France African villagers resisted Germans in spiritual self-denial o Believed magic pissing would flake Germans bullets to water o 20 groups came together and fought against Germans o Fighters believed God and their ancestors would return to livelihood and assist them o Over 75,000 Africans died o Twice that many Africans died in famine to follow o Germans shocked and passed some reformsEthiopia A successful Resistance Only African nation that successfully resisted Europeans Menelik II- became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889 Successfully played Italians, French, and British against each other Built up large arsenal of modernistic weapons he purchased from Russia and France Menelik II signed pact with Italy while Italians were invading the country Menelik II declared war in 1896 Battle of Adowa was largest battle in history of Africa Ethiopians won and kept independency Legacy of Colonial Rule disconfirming effects Africans alienated control of land and independence o Lost many people to disease and rebellion o Famine o Breakdown of traditional culture o Traditional authorities replaced o Homes and properties transferred o People lost jobs o Identity issues o Division of Africa o Unnaturally divided groups o No Unity Positive Effects o Local warfare reduced o sanitation improved o Hospitals o Schools o Lifespans increased o Literacy increased o Economic expansion o Railroads, dams, telephone, telegraph lines built in Africa o However, this on ly actually benefited the EuropeansSection 4 British Imperialism in India Area controlled by East India alliance grew overtime Both directly and indirectly governed southern India, Bangladesh, and territory along Ganges River in north British govt. regulated East India phoner Company ruled India without British interference until 19th century Had own army with British officers Sepoys- Indian soldiers Army was dangerous because could easily turn against British Britains Jewel in the Crown Industrial rotation turned Britain into worlds workshop India supplied Britain with many raw supplies Indias 3,000,000 people also large potential market for British make goods India was brightest jewel in clear because it was the most priceless of all Britains colonies British made restrictions that prevented Indian economy from operating on its own Indians could only produce raw materials for Britain Indians were not allowed to compete with Britain British manoeuvre Trade Goods Railroad system built in India India became more valuable Most of raw materials transported included o Tea o indigo o Coffee o Cotton Jute o Opium Sold trade opium for tea from China Sold tea in England Impact of Colonialism Negative impact on India British held most of economical and political power British restricted Indian owned industries Many villagers couldnt be self sufficient due to emphasis on cash crop Food production reduced Famine Racism Forced modulation to Christianity Positive impact on India Had worlds third largest railroad system Railroad system united brought modern economy that India Sanitation and public health improved India modernized by railroads, telephones, telegraphs, dams, bridges, irrigation canals Schools and collages founded Literacy increased supposition cleared of bandits Local welfare amongst competing rulers The Sepoy Mutiny British controlled most of India Believed British were trying to convert Indians to Christianity The re was so much racism patriot idea emerged The Indians decided to rebel Gossip blossom out amongst sepoys that the cartridges of their new rifles were grease with beef and pork fat To use cartridges Indians had to bite off ends awe were sacred to them and Muslims didnt eat pork so they were very wild Soldiers who refused cartilages were imprisoned Next day they rebelled Sepoy Munity- rebellion of the Indian soldiers Uprising spread from Delhi to much of northern India British and sepoys tried to slaughter each others armies Took family more than a year to regain control of country Indians couldnt unite against British due to weak leadership and conflict between Hindus and Muslims Hindus preferred British rule over Muslim ruleTurning Point after munity Britain took direct control over India Raj- British rule after India came under British crown during reign of Queen Victoria To reward many princes who stayed loyal to company during munity, Britain promised to re spect all treaties they had with them Also promised that Indian states that were still free would remain independent Regardless, British gained control of free states on the side Munity fueled racist attitudes of British Munity increased distrust between Indians and British Hindus and Muslims felt they were being ruined under British rule nationalism Surfaces in India In early 1800s some Indians began demanding modernization drive Mohum Roy, a modern thinking, well educated Indian began campaign to move away from traditional Indian practices Ram Mohum Roy believed that if practices werent changed India would continue to be controlled by outsiders Ram Mohum Roys writings inspired other Indians to wad for social reforms and adopt western ways Nationalist feelings also began to get on in India Indians hated system that made them second class citizens in own country Made much less money than British workers Nationalist groups form 2 nationalist groups formed o Indian Nati onal Congress in 1885 o Muslim League in 1906 ? Focused on Indians concerns ? Wanted self government ? Divided in to Hindu and Muslim section ? Separation made it hard for them to unite in calling for independence ? In 1911 British regained control and divided them differently Conflict over Indian control continued to develop between Indians and British Key Terms Imperialism- Seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country African goods copper, tin, gold, diamonds, rubber, cocoa, palm oil, and peanuts Racism- the belief that one race is superior to others Social Darwinism- theory that those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were superior to others Berlin Conference- 14 European nations who met to lay down rules for the division of Africa Shaka- was a Zulu chief used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create large centralized state in South Africa.His successors werent as successful Boers- Dutch settlers (Boer=farme r in Dutch) who took Africans land and established large farms Boer War- War between British and Boers over land and minerals in which British won Colony- a country or territory governed internally by a foreign power Protectorate- A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Sphere of influence- an area in which and outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges Economic imperialism- an independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other govts. Indirect Control Direct control Local govt. officials used Foreign officials brought in to rule Limited self-rule No self rule Goal to develop future leaders Goal assimilation Govt. institutions based on European styles but may have Govt. institutions are based only on European styles local rules India was brightest jewel in crown because it was the most valuable of all Britains colonies Indian goods Tea, Indigo, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, and Opium Menelik II- became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889.He was the only one who was successful at preventing his state (Ethiopia) from being conquered. Sepoys- Indian soldiers Sepoy Munity- rebellion of the Indian soldiers Raj- British rule after India came under British crown during reign of Queen Victoria Ram Mohum Roy- a modern thinking, well educated Indian began campaign to move away from traditional Indian practices and bring nationalism Paternalism- the idea that the people in authority restrict freedoms to their subordinates for the subordinates good Assimilation- the idea that the local population would adopt the superior culture in order to become more like them

Women and Full-Time Employment

Phoenix Material Issue Analysis afterwards reading the selected critical issue, use the following questions to analyze the issue. The word aim for individual questions may vary still your responses should total 1,200- to 1,400-words for the entire worksheet. .1 What atomic number 18 slightly of the strengths associated with the pro berth of the Issue? What be some of the weaknesses? During the Pro side of the issue of wo manpower opting turn up, one of the strong points of the argument was that women were choosing to opt out of working once hey began having families.Although we live in a condemnation where men and women twain be the bread winners on the base of operationss, the women are pipe down the ones who retrieve as If they necessitate to stop working and stay at office all of the time to take dispense of the children. If the husband is the one make all the money for the household, the wife entrust decide to choose to set out their jobs because they w itness as if thing are being taken trade of on the financial front and they are needed at home to take care of the children. A weak point Is that If a cleaning woman wants to make the choice to continue working, they should array a man who is easily younger or considerably older than they are.An older man is verbalize to have been working longer and go forth have the financial manner necessary to concord up with a household. Women who do have kids provide be able to choose to quit their telephone circuit because thither is no need for extra wages to be coming In. If they decide to keep working they can then choose a part time job where they can be at home with the kids during the day opus the father is at work, and work during the night charm the kids are at home sleeping and under the care of the father.What are some of the strengths associated with the victimise side of the issue? What are some of the weaknesses? In the debate on the Con side, a strength of the argumen t make Is that women are not opting out, they do not have choices or options. They are torn in the midst of being a nurturing mother, or having a strong career. In a parcel out of these career paths, the debate is to whether or not they are family friendly, or very flexible. The women feel the need to be at home winning care of the child and making money to support the family.One of the weak points to this side of the argument Is that a woman may not have the commit to be with the child at the earlier stages of the childs flavor. For some women, that desire or the nature to be with the child comes at a later time, when they feel the child is blood line to unfeignedly develop. Also, a point was made that thither is a case of absent husbands, which except means that the woman who shares the Job burden with the husband never rewards to spend quality time with him.Whenever she is home with the child, he is at work and when she is difference to work, then he is Just coming in from his Job. The only solution that loud possibly be made in order to spend time to chafeher is to get a schedule where the parents are both working at the selfsame(prenominal) times and maybe hire a babysitter or a nanny to lad In caring for the child date the parents are away at work. This way, both of the parents are free to work and go out still have time when they come home to wind 1 OFF . 3 Based on the statements presented in this critical issue, which root do you agree with?Provide supporting evidence. I am a little on the fence as to which side to agree with because while I feel that women do choose to stop working or angered to part time working when their children are born, I still think that it is possible that a make out of women do not get to work in a career where they can have both a family and a good strong career. In a lot of todays careers, a somebody needs to be flexible and needs to be able to give their Job 100 percent which Just cannot be done if there i s a family that needs a parent.In some situations, a man will stay home while the woman goes to work, and there is gender equality, but a lot of the time this is not to be the case. Although women had to fight to have the choice to work, there re a lot of men who still think the womans place is at home taking care of the kids and doing the housework. Some men may tell the women that it is their choice to work, but it really is not much of a choice when there are no other options as far as taking care of the children.I agree that not a lot of Jobs offer flexible schedules for those who have families, and when a person has to adjust their schedules frequently, passel may see it as giving them favors. The first argument stated that we are red certify in time instead of progressing, which I do not really agree with, so I agree more tit the southward statement that was presented. Today is no longer Just a mans humanness, and women are wanting to be standing as equal. .4 Explore car dinal other constituents that can be acquired during early and middle adulthood, such as through parenthood, romantic relationships, and career.How have these roles changed through the past generations? One of the roles that has changed in the past generations is the one of being a caregiver. Seeing how more women are making it in the career fields, there are some men out there who are taking care of the home while the woman goes off to work and takes care of finances. It was said to be the womans role to stay home and take care of the home as healthful as the children, but times have certainly changed. In some cases, both parents are working while the children either have babysitters, or they go into a day care facility.Getting and staying married is another role that has changed through the years. In the past, even though the couple are no longer happy, they would stay married. In this case, it is no longer the same once the couple are not hashing out their differences. They ar e quick to take out once there is no more emotion left to subdue to patch things up in the relationship. 5 What psychological adjustments are made during early and middle adulthood to adapt to aging and changes in life style? How does this affect development?For a woman, there are unlike psychological adjustments when it comes to adapting to age and changes in one persons lifestyle. A woman will have to go through m either bodily changes that they may not be ready for, especially if someone has not explained to them what to expect and what is going to happen. Men go through their own bodily changes, but the psychology of it all for boys and girls are different. As need to do something meaningful or even sometimes a bit reckless. Not all people go through the same stages, and sometimes people will go through these stages at different times in their lives.When people are go uping up, they have to mentally prepare themselves for what they will be going through. Instead of being afr aid and running away from the change, a person needs to prepare and welcome the change because it will be the beginning of a new period in their lives as they continue to grow and develop. While there are some things that a person will go through as they are developing, there will be things that a person goes through that can occur at any period of time.

The Wasp Factory and American Psycho Protagonist Comparison

The reasons of Ameri commode psychotic person and The Wasp Factory stick in their whizzs Patrick Bateman and heel Cauldhame to switch actually similar personalities. How far do you front to it? Ameri flush toilet Psycho and The Wasp Factory atomic number 18 two moot sliminess f adequate to(p)s in which the superstar gets a way with murder. They were produce only s n whizzthelesser age apart, The Wasp Factory being the prototypical. The Wasp Factory was Iain Banks graduation make novel, and was released into the conservative United Kingdom in 1984, which would cast off nervelessly sure it.This era of the United Kingdom did not approve of horror, particularly when the protagonist remained uncaught. However, the confine gained a great deal of attention and publi city via its controersy, and has well-kept popularity end-to-end the years. American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis was originally published in 1991. At this time there was great controersy everyplace it s utmost of gore and pornographic scenes, so much so that Ellis accredited umpteen death threats and hate mail after its publication.Both protagonists narrate their formers novel and severally appears to mirror their author himself. However, the protagonists clash with for each(prenominal) one(a) otherwise when it comes to their settings, extremitys and reasons for behaviour. This set ups how the personalities of some(prenominal)(prenominal) Patrick Bateman and postmark Claudhame ar exemplifyed diametrically by their authors. On the other hand, there ar slipway in which Bateman and b loseguard ar presented to flip similar personalities. For instance, they atomic number 18 both obsessive, woman hateric, accept the proclivity to cut d birth and view an ab normal mind set.These factors suggest a square similitude betwixt Patrick Bateman from American Psycho and dog from The Wasp Factory, withal though their reproduction and personal fictional charac teristics more than practically differ. Due to this, the legitimate termination of semblance between their personalities is problematical to distinguish. Through Batemans narration in American Psycho the contri stillor learns of his career on Wall Street and day-by-day animation-time in great detail. For lawsuit, when describing to the subscriber his morning rtabooine, the yuppie states how he uses a sibylline pore cleanser application program a water excited mousse cleanser, then a honey almond body chaparral.This pictures the true goal of unnecessary detail that he will go into. As easy as this, from the very start of the novel the proofreader is introduced to this realize and perfected modus vivendi in in the buff York of this self-absorbed character who thinks of himself to continuously compute great, be superior to everyone else and unceasingly tense up to watch his hierarchy within society. Ellis starts the novel with Bateman and his friends at a c lassy dinner party this immediately show ups his wealthy life-style that Ellis is trying to portray.As surface as this, Bateman showing off his platinum American Express vizor demonstrates his vox populi of superiority. This provides the reader with a strong rather negative ikon of Bateman as a rich, selfish, predatory man living in New York. This life style can relate to that of Ellis himself, a man who isnt touch on by the recent recession, in his late twenties and living in the city that never sleeps. As well as this, like Ellis, Batemans parents are divorced. Validating this, Ellis has even admitted in an inter figure that Patrick Bateman was round me.In telephone circuit to Batemans lifestyle is stamps. frump is half-educated and moves in an isolated unnamed island off the Scottish coast. hot dog is only sixteen, unemployed and greatly hearled by his arrive. This can be tell to relate to the life of Iain Banks, who lived in a small resolution on the Scottish coast and moved around pay fitting to his suffers work. As well as this, Banks was sixteen when he blameless his first book, indicating why he might accommodate chosen this years for vocal. He besides spends most of his time with the wildlife torturing, belt downing, collecting and sacrificing animals.In adjunct to this unmannerly entertains himself with his imagery and talks to his wasp factory. When heart-to-heart plays games such(prenominal) as make the dams and chooses which of the speculative throng live or die. Here the reader sees his childish and vileness side as well as how there is bittie for him to rattling do on the island. This alike relates to Banks as he must(prenominal) have been very imaginative at forthrights shape up as he was writing. In relation to this, making him seem incapable(p) of his own choices, Angus has a huge amount of checker over bounder.For pattern he home-schooled him, limiting his contact with society he constantly test s him on the measurements of the furniture in their house and uses the story of their dog, Old Saul, to circus tent up Franks real identity. This shows the great secernate between Batemans busy city life and of Franks in the rural as well as the note of their authors lives. However, the protagonists Frank and Patrick do have things in common, such as coercions and their love of agree. Both Patrick and Frank have obsessions which are seen throughout through the novels. Ellis uses Patrick Bateman to demonstrate the obsessions which one might have.Most of Batemans obsessions are very artificial, such as his obsessions over designer brands and technology. Patricks obsession to keep up to day of the month with the latest technology, such as VCR, CDs and Walkmans, reflects the lifestyle of many Americans living 1980s-1990s. This demonstrates Ellis using Patricks obsessions to relate with the readers of his novel. Patrick alike obsesses over taking care of himself which can be sho wn via his fit provender and rigorous exercise habitude and his detailed daily movements which connective to his obsession of detail and routine.His comment stating how he only uses an after groom lotion with little or no alcohol, because alcohol dries your face out and makes you look older, further validates his obsession over visual aspect and health. Ellis places the cultivation of Patricks obsessions from the very start of the novel to increase their impact upon the reader and to authentically damp their splendour to Patrick. Throughout the novel, Ellis also portrays Batemans true love and need for control. The reader sees this many times, for instance the control he can have over races lives. He is unceasingly control of a life.Even when he cant control himself, (which often occurs when committing murder), he is still controlling the life of his victim. This idea of control is use by Ellis to demonstrate the power Bateman feels, and needs to feel, he has. withal to Patrick, Franks obsessions are frequently mentioned throughout The Wasp Factory however almost of Franks obsessions are different to Patricks. Frank appears to have an obsession with animals and harassment. Throughout the book we see how Frank is fascinated by animals and collects their remains suggesting that Frank is ghost with animals.In addition to this, Frank is shown to be obsessed with killing and torturing. For instance, within the novel he states how he once tied wasps to the striking-surface of each of the copper-coloured bells on his affright measure where the little hammer would hit them when the alarm went off, and that he always woke up before his alarm went off, so he got to watch. This shows Franks dark mind consisting of thoughts about death, torture and the need for control over others, like Bateman.This shows the reader how even offspring minds can think this sadistically. Similarly to this, the reader learns of Franks need for control when he is placing s igns around their private property to warn off intruders. This demonstrates a way in which Frank feels its essential to control people and his fathers property. Franks overly meticulous attention to detail also connects with Patricks obsessions. Like Bateman this can be seen in the description of his medical dressing routine which, like Patrick, is the same every time.These obsessions show a similitude between Patrick and Franks personalities, demonstrating how Ellis and Banks present their protagonists in a similar manner even though they have different lifestyles. In conjunction to this, both Ellis and Banks show their protagonists to have misogynistic attitudes further presenting them to have similar personalities with one another. Frank states how his greatest enemies are Women and the sea and that Women are weak and unthinking and live in the shadow of men and are nothing compared to them, expressing Franks misogynist view towards women.Showing Batemans views on women are h is comments such as youre a piece of tail miserable bitch and you piece of bitch trash. These comments are employ by Ellis to portray Bateman to have an aggressive misogynistic view. This shows a way in which the authors of American Psycho and The Wasp Factory present their protagonists to have similar spirit traits as they are both sexist and have anger towards women. However, saying this both Bateman and Frank show misogynistic behaviour for different reasons. Franks hatred towards women has stemmed from his father who severally brought Frank and his brothers up.Angus dislikes women so much so that he changes Franks sexuality from distaff to male and postulates him to state how he hates his mother her name, the idea of her. In contrast to this, Batemans misogynistic behaviour is based more on the idea of dominance, passion and control. This shows a way in which Ellis and Banks portray their protagonists to have contrasting personalities with each other, disagreeing with th e statement. Although Bateman and Frank have contrasting lifestyles a ten year mount open different obsessions and versions of hate towards women they both have one sake in common killing.Their murderous ways and attitudes towards it present Frank and Patrick to have rational disabilities like that of a sociopath and psychopath. For instance, Bateman and Frank both vaunting symptoms of asocial personality disorder, (which is a factor of both psychopathic and sociopathic behaviour). As well as this, they both display a full(prenominal) sensitiveness to violence, maybe Patrick more erratically, and a tendency to act impulsively when it comes to crime, which a psychopath can display. In addition to this, both protagonists run across it hard to distinguish between reality and fantasy.This, and his psychopathic ways, can be shown when Frank states how he must be lots of different people inwardly his brain. Banks uses Franks psychopathic and sociopathic behaviour to show the imp ortance of parenting, perceptual constancy and connections within society that a child needs to be able to function adequately. Patricks confusion with reality is also shown to the reader. For instance, as tell by Andrew Jacobsen, (a literacy critic), the supposed real world around him becomes as one with his insane imagination world.As well as this the whodunit of the bodies at the end of the novel can be said to demonstrate Batemans misperception of reality. Due to this, Ellis and Banks can be seen to portray their protagonists to have similar personalities. This is because they are presented to be mentally ill and worried with reality. In connection to this, both protagonists show a lack of empathy towards their victims, and are able to commit a crime and act as though its the norm and not really a crime at all. For example in The Wasp Factory Frank states how he killed Esmerelda because she was simply the easiest and most straightforward orient.This simple view and minimal motive for murder displays Franks lack of empathy, and expresses his absence of perception that murder is abnormal or morally wrong. Iain Banks presents Frank in this way to illustrate how cold, cruel and absent-minded valet can be, even the issue. In relation to this, Bateman sleeping with and killing girls whilst in a relationship with Evelyn as well as the homeless and young shows his lack of moral rights and care towards others. Furthermore, Patrick crimes are opportunistic with little or no motive, normally due to urges, lust or as a means of superiority.Bateman commits these crimes without hesitation, suggesting that to him it is just the norm. Also demonstrating Patricks dark personality, lack of empathy and morals he jokingly says how he is into, uh, well, murders and executions, mostly. This comment and others similar to it demonstrate to the reader Patricks sinister view on his murders thus, they are apply by Ellis to cause the reader to despise Patrick yet be slig htly divert by his satirical sense of humour. These similarities suggest that the personalities of the protagonists from American Psycho and The Wasp Factory are presented in the same way.To conclude, I believe that the authors of American Psycho and The Wasp Factory present their protagonists to have personalities which are similar with each other as well as dissimilar. Aspects such as their lifestyles having different obsessions and reasons for being misogynistic present a complete contrast between Patricks and Franks life, and their personalities. This is because their lifestyles can lead them to desiring different effects. This links to obsessions, as for example, Frank obsesses over animals but Patrick doesnt, as there are a lot less in the city.Also, Bateman, who irrelevant Frank has frequent contact with people, obsesses more over appearance and health. As well as this, there reasons for being misogynistic are due to their nurture and the environment surrounding them. This shows how lifestyle and upbringing can adjoin ones personality traits such as their obsessions. Therefore, this demonstrates how lifestyle is a key face which has been utilize by Ellis and Banks to present their protagonists personalities in different ways, which also results in other personality traits being different too.However, both the protagonists have similar obsessions with one another have a disposition to kill personality traits suggesting they have mental issues and misogynistic views resulting in them having similar personalities with each other. These are very strong personality traits which all connect Frank and Patrick most together, even though there are some ways in which they are dissimilar. Therefore, I believe to a great extent that the authors of American Psycho and The Wasp Factory present their protagonists Patrick Bateman and Frank Claudhame to have very similar personalities.The Wasp Factory And American Psycho Protagonist ComparisonThe authors of Ameri can Psycho and The Wasp Factory present their protagonists Patrick Bateman and Frank Cauldhame to have very similar personalities. How far do you agree? American Psycho and The Wasp Factory are two controversial dark novels in which the protagonist gets away with murder. They were published only seven years apart, The Wasp Factory being the first. The Wasp Factory was Iain Banks first published novel, and was released into the conservative United Kingdom in 1984, which would have coolly accepted it.This era of the United Kingdom did not approve of horror, especially when the protagonist remained uncaught. However, the book gained a great deal of attention and publicity via its controversy, and has maintained popularity throughout the years. American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis was originally published in 1991. At this time there was great controversy over its extent of gore and pornographic scenes, so much so that Ellis received numerous death threats and hate mail after its public ation.Both protagonists narrate their authors novel and each appears to mirror their author himself. However, the protagonists clash with each other when it comes to their settings, needs and reasons for behaviour. This demonstrates how the personalities of both Patrick Bateman and Frank Claudhame are presented differently by their authors. On the other hand, there are ways in which Bateman and Frank are presented to have similar personalities. For instance, they are both obsessive, misogynistic, have the desire to kill and have an abnormal mind set.These factors suggest a strong similarity between Patrick Bateman from American Psycho and Frank from The Wasp Factory, even though their upbringing and personal characteristics more than often differ. Due to this, the true extent of similarity between their personalities is hard to distinguish. Through Batemans narration in American Psycho the reader learns of his career on Wall Street and everyday life in great detail. For example, whe n describing to the reader his morning routine, the yuppie states how he uses a deep pore cleanser lotion a water activated gel cleanser, then a honey almond body scrub.This shows the true extent of unnecessary detail that he will go into. As well as this, from the very start of the novel the reader is introduced to this rich and perfected lifestyle in New York of this self-absorbed character who thinks of himself to always look great, be superior to everyone else and constantly try to maintain his hierarchy within society. Ellis starts the novel with Bateman and his friends at a posh dinner party this immediately demonstrates his wealthy lifestyle that Ellis is trying to portray.As well as this, Bateman showing off his platinum American Express Card demonstrates his feeling of superiority. This provides the reader with a strong rather negative impression of Bateman as a rich, selfish, predatory man living in New York. This lifestyle can relate to that of Ellis himself, a man who i snt affected by the recent recession, in his late twenties and living in the city that never sleeps. As well as this, like Ellis, Batemans parents are divorced. Validating this, Ellis has even admitted in an interview that Patrick Bateman was about me.In contrast to Batemans lifestyle is Franks. Frank is half-educated and lives in an isolated unnamed island off the Scottish coast. Frank is only sixteen, unemployed and greatly controlled by his father. This can be said to relate to the life of Iain Banks, who lived in a small village on the Scottish coast and moved around due to his fathers work. As well as this, Banks was sixteen when he completed his first book, indicating why he might have chosen this age for Frank. He also spends most of his time with the wildlife torturing, killing, collecting and sacrificing animals.In addition to this Frank entertains himself with his imagination and talks to his wasp factory. When Frank plays games such as building the dams and chooses which of the imaginary people live or die. Here the reader sees his childish and dark side as well as how there is little for him to actually do on the island. This also relates to Banks as he must have been very imaginative at Franks age as he was writing. In relation to this, making him seem incapable of his own choices, Angus has a huge amount of control over Frank.For example he home-schooled him, limiting his contact with society he constantly tests him on the measurements of the furniture in their house and uses the story of their dog, Old Saul, to cover up Franks real identity. This shows the great contrast between Batemans busy city life and of Franks in the rural as well as the contrast of their authors lives. However, the protagonists Frank and Patrick do have things in common, such as obsessions and their love of control. Both Patrick and Frank have obsessions which are seen throughout through the novels. Ellis uses Patrick Bateman to demonstrate the obsessions which one might have.Most of Batemans obsessions are very artificial, such as his obsessions over designer brands and technology. Patricks obsession to keep up to date with the latest technology, such as VCR, CDs and Walkmans, reflects the lifestyle of many Americans living 1980s-1990s. This demonstrates Ellis using Patricks obsessions to connect with the readers of his novel. Patrick also obsesses over taking care of himself which can be shown via his balanced diet and rigorous exercise routine and his detailed daily movements which link to his obsession of detail and routine.His comment stating how he only uses an after shave lotion with little or no alcohol, because alcohol dries your face out and makes you look older, further validates his obsession over appearance and health. Ellis places the information of Patricks obsessions from the very start of the novel to increase their impact upon the reader and to truly reveal their importance to Patrick. Throughout the novel, Ellis also portrays Bate mans true love and need for control. The reader sees this many times, for instance the control he can have over peoples lives. He is always control of a life.Even when he cant control himself, (which often occurs when committing murder), he is still controlling the life of his victim. This idea of control is used by Ellis to demonstrate the power Bateman feels, and needs to feel, he has. Similarly to Patrick, Franks obsessions are frequently mentioned throughout The Wasp Factory however some of Franks obsessions are different to Patricks. Frank appears to have an obsession with animals and torture. Throughout the book we see how Frank is fascinated by animals and collects their remains suggesting that Frank is obsessed with animals.In addition to this, Frank is shown to be obsessed with killing and torturing. For instance, within the novel he states how he once tied wasps to the striking-surface of each of the copper-coloured bells on his alarm clock where the little hammer would hi t them when the alarm went off, and that he always woke up before his alarm went off, so he got to watch. This shows Franks dark mind consisting of thoughts about death, torture and the need for control over others, like Bateman.This shows the reader how even young minds can think this sadistically. Similarly to this, the reader learns of Franks need for control when he is placing signs around their private property to warn off intruders. This demonstrates a way in which Frank feels its essential to control people and his fathers property. Franks overly meticulous attention to detail also connects with Patricks obsessions. Like Bateman this can be seen in the description of his grooming routine which, like Patrick, is the same every time.These obsessions show a similarity between Patrick and Franks personalities, demonstrating how Ellis and Banks present their protagonists in a similar manner even though they have different lifestyles. In conjunction to this, both Ellis and Banks s how their protagonists to have misogynistic attitudes further presenting them to have similar personalities with one another. Frank states how his greatest enemies are Women and the sea and that Women are weak and stupid and live in the shadow of men and are nothing compared to them, expressing Franks misogynist view towards women.Showing Batemans views on women are his comments such as youre a fucking ugly bitch and you piece of bitch trash. These comments are used by Ellis to portray Bateman to have an aggressive misogynistic view. This shows a way in which the authors of American Psycho and The Wasp Factory present their protagonists to have similar personality traits as they are both sexist and have anger towards women. However, saying this both Bateman and Frank show misogynistic behaviour for different reasons. Franks hatred towards women has stemmed from his father who independently brought Frank and his brothers up.Angus dislikes women so much so that he changes Franks gende r from female to male and leads him to state how he hates his mother her name, the idea of her. In contrast to this, Batemans misogynistic behaviour is based more on the idea of dominance, lust and control. This shows a way in which Ellis and Banks portray their protagonists to have contrasting personalities with each other, disagreeing with the statement. Although Bateman and Frank have contrasting lifestyles a ten year age gap different obsessions and versions of hate towards women they both have one pastime in common killing.Their murderous ways and attitudes towards it present Frank and Patrick to have mental disabilities like that of a sociopath and psychopath. For instance, Bateman and Frank both display symptoms of antisocial personality disorder, (which is a factor of both psychopathic and sociopathic behaviour). As well as this, they both display a high predisposition to violence, maybe Patrick more erratically, and a tendency to act impulsively when it comes to crime, whic h a psychopath can display. In addition to this, both protagonists find it hard to distinguish between reality and fantasy.This, and his psychopathic ways, can be shown when Frank states how he must be lots of different people inside his brain. Banks uses Franks psychopathic and sociopathic behaviour to show the importance of parenting, stability and connections within society that a child needs to be able to function adequately. Patricks confusion with reality is also shown to the reader. For instance, as said by Andrew Jacobsen, (a literacy critic), the supposed real world around him becomes as one with his insane imagination world.As well as this the mystery of the bodies at the end of the novel can be said to demonstrate Batemans misperception of reality. Due to this, Ellis and Banks can be seen to portray their protagonists to have similar personalities. This is because they are presented to be mentally ill and confused with reality. In connection to this, both protagonists sho w a lack of empathy towards their victims, and are able to commit a crime and act as though its the norm and not really a crime at all. For example in The Wasp Factory Frank states how he killed Esmerelda because she was simply the easiest and most obvious target.This simple view and minimal motive for murder displays Franks lack of empathy, and expresses his absence of perception that murder is abnormal or morally wrong. Iain Banks presents Frank in this way to illustrate how cold, cruel and absent-minded humans can be, even the young. In relation to this, Bateman sleeping with and killing girls whilst in a relationship with Evelyn as well as the homeless and young shows his lack of moral rights and care towards others. Furthermore, Patrick crimes are opportunistic with little or no motive, normally due to urges, lust or as a means of superiority.Bateman commits these crimes without hesitation, suggesting that to him it is just the norm. Also demonstrating Patricks dark personality , lack of empathy and morals he jokingly says how he is into, uh, well, murders and executions, mostly. This comment and others similar to it demonstrate to the reader Patricks sinister view on his murders thus, they are used by Ellis to cause the reader to despise Patrick yet be slightly amused by his satirical sense of humour. These similarities suggest that the personalities of the protagonists from American Psycho and The Wasp Factory are presented in the same way.To conclude, I believe that the authors of American Psycho and The Wasp Factory present their protagonists to have personalities which are similar with each other as well as dissimilar. Aspects such as their lifestyles having different obsessions and reasons for being misogynistic present a complete contrast between Patricks and Franks life, and their personalities. This is because their lifestyles can lead them to desiring different effects. This links to obsessions, as for example, Frank obsesses over animals but Pat rick doesnt, as there are a lot less in the city.Also, Bateman, who unlike Frank has frequent contact with people, obsesses more over appearance and health. As well as this, there reasons for being misogynistic are due to their upbringing and the environment surrounding them. This shows how lifestyle and upbringing can affect ones personality traits such as their obsessions. Therefore, this demonstrates how lifestyle is a key subject which has been used by Ellis and Banks to present their protagonists personalities in different ways, which also results in other personality traits being different too.However, both the protagonists have similar obsessions with one another have a desire to kill personality traits suggesting they have mental issues and misogynistic views resulting in them having similar personalities with each other. These are very strong personality traits which all connect Frank and Patrick closely together, even though there are some ways in which they are dissimilar . Therefore, I believe to a great extent that the authors of American Psycho and The Wasp Factory present their protagonists Patrick Bateman and Frank Claudhame to have very similar personalities.

Irony in “Top of the Food Chain” by T. Coraghessan Boyle Essay

T. Coraghessan Boyles On Top of the forage Chain is more than vindicatory a narration of a egotistic persons mistakes. The fibbers tone is a literary element used to guide mans indifference for organisms that atomic number 18 of no immediate set forth onward or are a nuisance to them. _The thing was, we had a piffling problem with the insects_ The tellers tone in Top of the diet Chain is quickly shown as self-centered in working for his comforts and indifferent to the havoc his choices make on the environment. Humans believe that we tummy solve everything that is put upon us, but there is always a catch. In this story, Mother Nature proves us that she can always be ahead of how world perceive things.From the very first sentence, the narrator is portrayed as a self-serving person. In charge of a group manner of speaking health care to a third-world village, his choices to improve the lives of the villagers lead to wreaking chaos on the local food chain. The improvement s start by poisoning the flies. When the geckos that feed finish off of these flies die due to starvation, the cat population also diminishes. When the cats are gone, the rat population is left unregulated and is wholeowed to spread disease to the humans and ruin their crops.The narrators condescending tone towards these disastrous events is the more or less significant factor that Boyle uses to develop his theme. The narrator assumes he is at the tweet of the food chain, and he has no problem killing off the littler species. However, the narrator is too indifferent to realize that by hurting the debase members of the food chain, he has hurt himself. This is what shows the true irony in the story. The narrator did something that he believes is good for him, but instead it ends up being totally the opposite of it.The story reflects that humans can do immoral things, without sentiment well of the consequences and the effect it is going to have on others. Top of the Food Chain i s ironic since Mother Nature got back at all of the selfishness that was portrayed in the story. Global Warming is a great fount of how nature can get back to humans because of our own selfish actions. Human activities contribute to climate change by causing changes in Earths atmosphere in the amounts of greenhouse gases, aerosols (small particles), and cloudiness. The largest known character comes from the burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere. The release of carbon dioxide amends the atmosphere, which cause drastic changes in the climate.However, his tone following the severe chance that played out in the story implies that he simply does non care about anything other then what he wants. The narrators arrogance and belief that he can do what ever he wants without hurting himself reflects his idea that he is Top of the Food Chain. Unfortunately, he learns the warm way that his selfish actions turn around and hurt him in the end, which en ds up being ironic. T. Coraghessan Boyle demonstrated us that nature can always get back to humans despite of whatever we do selfish or unselfish.

Importance of Education Essay

Gener all in ally, at the start of a really young age, sisterren learn to develop and use their mental, moral and somatogenic powers, which they procure through various types of education. Education is commonly referred to as the sue of learning and obtaining intimacy at trail, in a form of full-dress education. However, the process of education does not only start when a child first attends school. Education begins at home. One does not only acquire knowledge from a teacher i can learn and catch knowledge from a parent, family member and even an acquaintance. In almost all societies, attending school and receiving an education is extremely vital and necessary if one wants to achieve success.However, unfortunately we have places in the world, where not everyone has an opportunity to pick up this orb type of education. The opportunities that are offered are greatly limited. Sometimes in that location are not enough resources to provide schooling. Furthermore because paren ts need their children to tending them work in factories, have odd jobs, or just do farm work.Since it is not traditional, in well-nigh places, to receive a formal education, the one who receives an education is usually envied, praised and even admired by members of the community. Children sometimes look at other children with awe. Just the same way as one child might envy another because he got a new pair of sneakers, and wishes he could have too. There is a whizz of admiration and at the same time there is a sense of jealousy as well. Seeing your peer doing better than yourself causes some tension and jealousy because of the scarce opportunities available. As a child, its potent to understand why there is a difference.Learning subjects in school is not enough. One can learn history, math, science in school, and be reserve-smart. In addition, one can learn how to live life by knowing what to say when, acting a certain way in certain situations and be street-smart. These two t ypes of knowledge are extremely necessary to be successful in life. For example, you can have all the book knowledge in the world about a certain profession, but if you dont know how to behave with your co-workers and or your superiors, having bookknowledge wont get you too far.But no matter what, education is the key that allows people to move up in the world, set about better jobs, and ultimately succeed fully in life. Education is very important, and no one should be deprived of it.

Ester Lucero

Cassie Essary Tim Petete Ethnic American Literature November 12, 2009 holy mans Psyche in Ester Lucero One of the most fascinating aspects of each explanation is the formation of itscharacters. The air the author use ups to describe them, give them personalities, is how the commentator will see their lives. A characters psyche and the port of life he thinks about events around him change the way a ref perceives the story. Authors imbibe an amazing chance to shape and bend a story to fit what they want it to be through the characterization of the people they salvage about.If an author is incapable of making characters believable and understandable, the story wont survive. In Isabel Allendes Ester Lucero, ideal is described in a way that makes the reader understand his impulses and desires, even if they areof a completely foreign temper to the reader. Allende is an extremely skilled writer that used her ability to make a character believable to her advantage for this story . backers psyche is unitary of the most interesting elements of this story. When he returns from the war in the jungle, he seems to be in a state of inner turmoil.Hes inquiring for somewhatthing to help him deal with the war and the things that he did and saw happen thither. When holy man sees Ester Lucero for the first time, he desires that he is seeing a mirage. Nothing could mayhap be that perfect, and he has to search her out. When he fin altogethery finds her, he is damaged by his unseemly passion for a child who still had non reached puberty (Pearson 10) as she is 12 and he is 30. Angel gives the impression that he picked Ester as the object of his interest because she is unprocurable, therefore he never has to business organization about what might happen if he did somehow attain her.Although he is attracted to her, he never makes a move to do anything about it, new(prenominal) than watching her walk by on her way to school attending her when she caught the measl es providing her with vitaminsteachingthe multiplication tables (Pearson 10). The simple fact that he is dumbstricken not to find a whirl of suitors around Ester Lucero (Pearson 10) leads the reader to believe that Ester is really not that particular or beautiful, but is only special to Angel. Instead, Angel seems to have fixated on Ester as a way of get former(prenominal) his ownproblems. Ester became something that he desperately wanted, but could never allow himself to have.She was a child, and he would not allow himself to touch her for that reason, and because his obsession with her is what keeps him going. Ester became the focus of all his attention so he didnt have to deal with anything else in his life. An some other issue with Angel is the fact that he has a sluggard in his groin. The women of the town promontory his masculinity and begin to wonder if maybe the malaria or that bullet he has there in his crotch exempt him forever of a taste for women (Pearson 10). Th ey dont realize that he has become completely engrossed with Ester and therefore uninterested in the other women of the town.Since Angel does have a bullet in his groin, and purposefully chose an unavailable young lady to fixate on, it makes the reader wonder if the bullet did cause some sort of dysfunction. Perhaps the reason that Angel deliberately chose a girl that he could never have was because he knew women wouldnt want him if they knew that he was impotent. Early on, when it is Angels turn with a bride-for-the-moment he effectuate no consolation he would have to search for that girl, if for no other reason than to determine whether she was a mirage(Pearson 9).This passage leaves the reader hanging as to whether Angel was unable to perform, or simply didnt enjoy it. Angels masculinity is questioned by the people of the town, as well as himself throughout the story. The four main aspects of Angels psyche discussed here really help tell the story of whoand what Angel really is . Ester as a distraction from his own problems shows us that even though Angel is an extremely capable man, he cant get past his own demons.Hes a doctor and a charge veteran, yet when he sees a little girl in the crowd, he chooses her to think about in order to avoid his own problems. The magical realism displayed in this story is a stroke of genius by Allende. She uses the herbs to add an element of suspense and terror to the story that wouldnt have been present otherwise. The herbs and dance enable Angel to save Ester while dealings with some of his own problems at the same time. When the town women begin to question Angels masculinity, he does a sort of tailspin into the future(a) main point in his psyche, which is obsessive love.He could probably choose any woman in the town, yet he chooses a 12 year old girl, and the love is not exactly pure. Angels obsessive love ties all four points together nicely. The love he has for Ester is not pure, but obsessive. He chose her becaus e he needed a way to get out of his own head, and perhaps because he is impotent and couldnt deal with the threat to his masculinity, and when he cured her, Angel really retributory needed a way to outwardly express his capability of pickings care of her, even if he could never have her. Works Cited

Job Enrichment

Organizational style Concept furrow Enrichment J bed arseholeful unveiling The concept of despenny Enrichment is a re anyy broad conjecture at heart the field of constitutional de cockeyedor that is applicable inwardly all sectors of organisation. utilise synonymously with mull oer involution, the term tune enrichment refers to contrastive blesss that argon aimed at increasing employees blood bank bill of mesh motivation, satisfaction, self-grandness-worth, in an onset to eventually profit the overall employee reapin pull inness within the government activity activity.Research studies conducted on origin Enrichment and its persuade on employee productionivity date back to the 1950s and sixties and passim those years a wide configuration of methods have emerged. near usually transmission stress enrichment is attri only ifed to the mathematical change of line of reasoning re physical body in order to change state the negative set up monoton y of employee parturiencys, which pull up stakes include boredom, miss of impropriety and dissatisfaction. Other variances of prank enrichment include providing gainer inducings by involving the employee in the finding fashioning process, the implementation of quality determine groups and team building, and demarcation license as an incentive to sum up productivity.Evolution of the concept of descent Enrichment setoff-class honours story in the middle of the 20th century up until present day, the supposition of melody enrichment has offered many compelling concepts to increase employee productivity slice simultaneously enriching the employees plough puzzle, all of which persist in applicable today. The early works which conventional mull enrichment among compositional behavior theorists was Frederick Herzbergs Hygiene Theory and Hackman and Oldhams argumentation Characteristic mannequin.The Hygiene Theory The central ascertain in developing the theory o f subscriber line enrichment within the framework of organizational behavior was Frederick Herzberg whos important Hygiene Theory has contri alo consider a solid state ass and foundation for subsequent generations to expand upon. According to Herzberg, for a thespian to be happy and in that locationfore productive the purlieual factors of his workplace must(prenominal) not ca engage him discomfort. Herzberg supercharge asserts that although providing employees with a more comfortable environment whitethorn in unloose make them more productive, this does not necessarily mean they will be set offd to perform their duties.Simonds & Orife, 1975) Herzberg believed that the process of make players is by enhancing their feeling of duty and connection to their work. In this slick, Herzberg proclaims that it is the work itself that is honour. Managers shadower helper the employees connect to their work by giving them more endorsement over the labor, as well as offering di rect and case-by-case feedback. The romp Characteristics Model In 1975 Hackman and Oldham advanced the ideas of Herzberg by introducing what they called The vocation Characteristics Model. This sit down is formulated on the assumption that if five core business organisation characteristics argon present, three mental states critical to motivation be produced, essenceing in irresponsible come out of the closetcomes. (Griffin, Patterson, & West, 2001) The five core capriole characteristics consist of skill compartmentalization, caper identity, caper importation, shore leave, and feedback. Hackman and Oldham state that the three psychological states that motivation is dependent upon are go through with(predicate) substantiveness of work, responsibility for work outcomes, and knowledge of results. Hackman andOldham then proclaim that to the degree that these psychological states are present, luxuriously personal employee work motivation will result. relevancy of J ob Enrichment in 2007 The early works of Herzberg and Hackman & Oldham have go awayd a attainable and hard-hitting framework for increasing employee productivity through business sector enrichment that is secure as applicable today as it was when their enquiry was first conducted. within the past half century there have been many researches conducted that provides profitable empirical evidence to illustrate the rewards and benefits of credit line enrichment.We will further controvert each method that an organization seat implement in an try out to improve histrion productivity through product line implementation. Employee self-reliance In a guide analyzing descent independence as an incentive construction to increase employee productivity, Kay Mitusch emphasizes that when employee autonomy is present it give notice compensate for an organization abstracted an extrinsic reward program yet still re main productive. This is pivotal for explaining why workers in in dependent, responsible jobs are willing to tog in their jobs even if there is no reliable, formalized system of rewarding them. (Mitusch, 2000) To provide further evidence of the achiever of employee autonomy as a method of job enrichment Griffin, Patterson, and West explored the coitionship mingled with teams and satisfaction development info from a large research project in the U. K. that investigated guidance practices and employee attitudes in manufacturing companies. The researchers conducted this study by distributing a hesitancynaire survey which asked them to rank their favorite(a) working(a) conditions in response to hypothetical situations which were designed to relate to their unfeigned work duties.The study showed that job enrichment was imperatively link to job autonomy but was not portentously associate to perceptions of supervisory back up. (Griffin, Patterson, and West, 2001) The researchers also conclude that while both autonomy and supervisory sup port were important demonstrable influences on job satisfaction, the positive association of teamwork on job autonomy was explained by job enrichment that accompanied teamwork and could not be attributed to teamwork itself. (Griffin, Patterson, and West, 2001) This selective information shows that by scarce trusting an employees expertise at his or her job and allowing them to hire more independently an employee will develop an increase aim of job satisfaction and in turn increase the productive outfit of that worker. strikement Variety Another technique to enrich an employees work experience is to utilize employees with a wide range of skills so they can exercise them to their daily work routine.In his article washrag grasp Job Enrichment The compensate Board Experience, Tim McNamar explored the have a bun in the oven Boards experience with job enrichment. By replacing a traditional method of processing cases with an go up make around work groups playacting interrela ted lines, it increased productivity, provided violate motivation, and vastly ameliorate opportunities for idiosyncratic self-actualization and esteem. (McNamar, 1973) By changing the previous in operation(p) procedures and by allowing employees to engage in more of a shared assign structure, the Pay Board experienced increased productivity across the spectrum. The finding to usurp a team concept for case concern was not referable to any of the traditional causes minded(p) for blue collar job enrichment high absenteeism, low morale, and the like. Rather, it was instituted in hopes that it would drastically increase productivity. Nevertheless, the approach cancelled out to provide a variety of benefits, many of which directly related to the question of job enrichment. (McNamar, 1973) Also, the inclusion of employees in critical decisions that will case the organization as a whole, shows improvement in the employees orale regarding their importance within the organiz ation and in turn increase their motivation.In general, research on participative decision making has found that participation improves employees attitudes and increases their organizational cargo and job satisfaction. (DeLancer Julnes, 2001) Job Feedback Another key aspect of job enrichment can be achieved through the simple process of providing employees with useful feedback concerning the work execution on with clearly established expectations. Job enrichment focuses on creating individual undertakings that give volume feedback, increase their influence how work is done, require them to use a variety of skills, and give them a whole piece of work. (Mohrman, Lawler, Mohrman, 1992) Task import and task identity The inductance of job enrichment by way of task significance is the extent to which an employees work has a meaningful usurpation on other jobs in the same workplace.This can be realised with the installation of teams within the employee work population. Teamwork typically take aims groups of interdependent employees who work hand in glove to achieve group outcomes. Effective team implementation can produce the motivational properties of work and increase job satisfaction. (Griffin, Patterson, and West, 2001) A direct correlational statistics between task significance and task identity can be seen by the use of teams and specific job duties. The idea of task identity is the assess to which the job requires completion of a number of whole and diagnosable pieces of work. Theoretically, the natural selection between teams and individual job enrichment should be made base upon the engine room of the workplace. Teams are more complicated to build and to maintain, but whitethorn be necessary if the work is such(prenominal) that no one individual can do a whole part of it and get feedback around it. Teams are often appropriate, for example, in process production facilities such as a chemical plants and oil refineries and in complex servi ce organizations such as banks and airlines.Where the technology allows an individual to do a whole task or offer a whole service, individual designs are favorite(a) because they are simpler to install and give the individual more direct feedback. (Mohrman, Lawler, Mohrman , 1992) The metropolis of Rockville, MD conducted an experiment where coach-and-fours and line staff collaborated in the decision making process and the result was astonishing, including cost savings, improvement of morale and the appreciation of the need for productivity within the organization increased. The key ingredients in the programs success was the consultation with supervisors and employees and their exponentiation in selecting the projects. (Hobbs, 1976) Counter argument of job enrichment scorn all of the overwhelming evidence of the success that is attributed in implementing job enrichment programs there is a minority of speculators that job enrichment is not always the outstrip extract when a n organizations sole intent is to reduce costs. The possible increase in the satisfaction of the employees is probably not a enough reason for managers to support job enrichment programs. A survey by Reif and Schoderbek showed that the main objective of top management in companies introducing job enrichment programs was to reduce costs. Hence, management support for a new job design approach has to be gained through a cost-benefit treatment to job design. (Globerson, 1977) If a companys sole aim is to reduce costs then investing in your current work force might not be the preferable avenue.However, if an organization or company is interested in fully utilizing its knowing hands and provide increased worker motivation and in turn increase worker productivity, then adopting a job enrichment program is the most(prenominal) trenchant option. Conclusion byout the last few decades, the implementation of a job enrichment program has successfully shown to increase employees job mo tivation, satisfaction, self-worth, in an sweat to at long last increase the overall employee productivity within the organization.No liaison what the go away or sector of an organization whether it be a government agency, non-profit organization, or company operating within the private sector, the implementation of job enrichment into your organization will result in the key areas of employee production and worker motivation. It is writ large through years of conducted research that a happy and prompt manpower coupled with an effective and flexible management will ultimately result in a highly productive organization. movements Cited Albers Mohrman, Susan, Lawler III, Edward E. , Mohrman, Allan M. 992. Applying Employee Involvement in Schools. educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis DeLancer Julnes, Patria. 2001. Does Participation Increase Perceptions of service? habitual Performance & Management go over Globerson, Shlomo. 1977. The Just Noticeable distinction in C omplexity of Jobs. Management Science Griffin, Mark A. , Patterson, Malcolm G. , and West, Michael A. 2001. Job propitiation and Teamwork The exercise of Supervisor Support Journal of Organizational Behavior Hobbs, Daniel D. productivity Through Worker Incentive and Satisfaction. Public productivity Review King, Albert S. 1974. foreboding effects in Organizational Change. administrative Science Quarterly McNamar, Tim. 1973. White Collar Job Enrichment The Pay Board Experience. Public Administration Review Mitusch, Kay. 2000. Job Independence as an Incentive Device. Economica Simonds, Rollin H. and Orife, John N. 1975. Worker Behavior Versus Enrichment Theory. Administrative Science Quarterly Staudohar, Paul D. 1975. An Experiment in change magnitude Productivity of Police Service Employees Public Administration ReviewJob Enrichment found on a major study of High Performance Work Practices (HPWPs) in North America by Appelbaum et al. (2000) found that new forms of job des ign provided production line employees with the opportunity to contribute increased discretionary effort and to participate in workplace problem-solving. These researchers provided empirical evidence that certain efforts by employers to increase employee discretion and job autonomy resulted in improved job satisfaction for employees and higher levels of organizational executing (Appelbaum et al. 000). Workforce involvement in decision-making may also be consistent with job enrichment practices (Spence Laschinger et al. 2004). Job enrichment involves providing increased levels of responsibility to depress level employees, including the delegation of work tasks previously undertaken by supervisors, and the provision of increasingly skilled tasks to line employees.The theoretical substructure for enrichment efforts is Hackman and Oldhams (1975) job characteristics model, which explores how a combination of specific job characteristics such as skill variety and task significance a ffect the individuals experience of meaningful work and their sense of responsibility for work outcomes. These characteristics have, in turn, been linked to improvements in work motivation, job satisfaction and work quality, reduced absenteeism and lower jab turnover (Ford 1969 Hackman et al. 1975).However, job enrichment has received wide publicity but has not always produced favourable results in the workplace. A gravid deal of reckon exists over the benefits and limitations of job enrichment it clearly is not for everyone. Ralph Brown (2004) summed it up very nicely Some people are very pushant to more responsibilities or to opportunities for personal growth. Researchers report that nearly people they expected to resist seized the opportunity. Enriching jobs is a particularly effective way to develop employees provided the jobs are very enriched, not just more work for them to do.The disadvantages are that job enrichment may lead to greater work pressure and that employees have to start performing tasks which were not originally required of them. Job design Job design is the specification of the content of a job, the material and equipment required to do the job, and the relation of the job to other jobs. A well-designed job promotes the achievement of the organizations strategic business objectives by structuring work so it integrates management requirements for faculty and employee needs for satisfaction.Thus, effective job design presents a major altercate for the HR manager. And job enrichment is one of the methods of job design. Job enrichment is an attempt to motivate employees by giving them the opportunity to use the range of their abilities. It is an idea that was real by the American psychologist Frederick Hertzberg in the 1950s. It can be contrasted to job enlargement which simply increases the number of tasks without changing the challenge. As such job enrichment has been depict as vertical loading increases the complexity of work to p romote interest.Thus, job enrichment builds need factors into the job content by combing tasks, establishing client relationships, creating natural work units, expanding jobs vertically and opening feedback channels. Supporter Patterson, West and Wail (2004) found that firms providing lower level employees with job enrichment and skill enhancement experienced a significant boost in productivity and profitability. A Sri Lankan study of the impact of introducing self managed teams in a large textile mill reported increased productivity, higher product quality, lower reject rates and higher employee satisfaction.The process of delegating increased decision-making responsibility to workplace teams changed the organizations structures, decision making processes and job design at workplace level, with increased levels of authorization and training being provided to team members (Jayawardana and Fonseka 1996). Nevertheless, the potential for improved performance outcomes to comprise the provision of increased employee input into workplace decision-making relies on employee acceptance of the relevance of these practices and on the existence of a climate of involvement.One means of creating this climate is to identify work group leaders who will model the behaviours valued by the organisation, and who are also able to motivate employees to mirror these behaviours (Richards and Vandenberg 2005). In Sri Lankas dress out Industry, the manager introduced process controllers into the three production lines from January to April 2002 line employees underwent a series of training programs. The training focused on the companys clients and products, the production process and techniques related to increasing quality and problem-solving.The sessions were conducted by the plant manager, the quality assurance manager and the work study manager. Each session was followed by a treatment with production line members. The training programs lasted for two hours after work, with all line employees paid for their participation. At production meetings, held once a week, line employees were given feedback on their performance, in particular in relation to line efficiency and end-line rejects. During the initial training, production line employees were given a briefing on market conditions in the industry and customer requirements.They were also provided with an opportunity to study their lines performance for the previous three months in relation to on-time delivery, total rejects and customer returns. The training provided encouraged employees to take responsibility for performance outcomes such as product reject rates and on-standard efficiency levels. The training manager provided feedback to line employees where the performance of one production line lagged that of the organisation as a whole. The training also addressed skill development, the organisation of work and the use of computer-aided information systems and quality control systems.Each machine was equipped with a computer terminal, which gave details of efficiency standards, losses, stoppages and earnings based on incentive payments. The case explored the impact of a job enrichment initiative to devolve increased responsibility for monitoring workplace productivity, product quality and workforce attendance to line employees. We found that the introduction of process controllers generated substantial improvements in LM Collections performance over this boundary.Efficiency levels rose from 41 per cent to 61 per cent and product rejects declined from 10 per cent to 2 per cent, while absenteeism levels declined from almost 10 per cent to 2. 4 per cent by March 2003. On the whole, productivity levels improved, product quality increased and workforce absence and turnover episodes declined over the period of this study. Critiques In the other hand, there are drawbacks of job enrichment when the HR managers do not think about the matters from employees, and no one seems to menti on the costs.In some employees eyes, the job enrichment is barely an enforce change to jobs in order for the organisation to obtain higher productivity from its workers. With the pressure of more responsibilities and tasks, the employees may not have enough time to give the feedback of performance. Either actually the workers do not want enriched their jobs or the job is not that easy to enrich. . Job enrichment is a type of job redesign intended to reverse the effects of tasks that are repetitive requiring little autonomy.Some of these effects are boredom, lack of flexibility, and employee dissatisfaction (Leach & Wall, 2004). The cardinal principle is to expand the scope of the job with a greater variety of tasks, vertical in nature, that require self-sufficiency. Since the goal is to give the individual word-painting to tasks normally reserved for differently focused or higher positions, merely adding more of the same responsibilities related to an employees current position a re not considered job enrichment.Job enrichment can only be truly successful if formulation includes support for all phases of the initiative. Ohio State University Extension began a job enrichment program in 1992 and surveyed the participants five years later. The results, broken down into 3 sub-buckets of data beyond the main grouping of advantages/disadvantages as shown in Table 1, intimate the University had not fully considered the planning and administrative aspects of the program (Fourman and Jones, 1997).While the benefits are obviously obvious, programs fail not because of a lack of benefits, but rather repayable to implementation problems. These problems can include a perception of too great a cost, lack of long-term commitment of resources, and potential job compartmentalisation changes (Cunningham and Eberle, 1990). In order for a job enrichment program to produce positive results, worker needs and organizational needs must be study and acted upon. According to Cun ningham and Eberle (1990), before an enrichment program is begun, the following questions should be asked 1.Do employees need jobs that involve responsibility, variety, feedback, challenge, accountability, significance, and opportunities to learn? 2. What techniques can be implemented without changing the job compartmentalization plan? 3. What techniques would require changes in the job classification plan? A job enrichment program can be a very effective intervention in some situations where a Performance Technician is faced with a request for motivational training. ConclusionIn my opinion, job enrichment can incur about improvement in both job performance and job satisfaction. A survey of almost 100 research studies found job enrichment resulted in greater productivity, improved product quality, fewer employee grievances, improved worker attitudes reduce absenteeism and labour turnover, and lower costs. Therefore, improved quality of working life brought about by job enrichment has not only social benefits but also bottom-line benefits to the organization.Job EnrichmentOrganizational Behavior Concept Job Enrichment Jared Stern Introduction The concept of Job Enrichment is a very broad theory within the field of organizational behavior that is applicable within all sectors of organization. Used synonymously with job enlargement, the term job enrichment refers to different methods that are aimed at increasing employees job motivation, satisfaction, self-worth, in an attempt to ultimately increase the overall employee productivity within the organization.Research studies conducted on Job Enrichment and its influence on employee productivity date back to the 1950s and 1960s and throughout those years a wide variety of methods have emerged. Most commonly job enrichment is attributed to the process of job redesign in order to reverse the negative effects monotony of employee tasks, which will include boredom, lack of autonomy and dissatisfaction. Other variance s of job enrichment include providing worker incentives by involving the employee in the decision making process, the implementation of quality work groups and team building, and job independence as an incentive to increase productivity.Evolution of the concept of Job Enrichment Beginning in the middle of the 20th century up until present day, the theory of job enrichment has offered many compelling concepts to increase employee productivity while simultaneously enriching the employees work experience, all of which remain applicable today. The early works which established Job enrichment among organizational behavior theorists was Frederick Herzbergs Hygiene Theory and Hackman and Oldhams Job Characteristic Model.The Hygiene Theory The central figure in developing the theory of job enrichment within the framework of organizational behavior was Frederick Herzberg whos pivotal Hygiene Theory has contributed a solid basis and foundation for subsequent generations to expand upon. Accord ing to Herzberg, for a worker to be happy and therefore productive the environmental factors of his workplace must not cause him discomfort. Herzberg further asserts that although providing employees with a more comfortable environment may in turn make them more productive, this does not necessarily mean they will be motivated to perform their duties.Simonds & Orife, 1975) Herzberg believed that the process of motivating workers is by enhancing their feeling of responsibility and connection to their work. In this case, Herzberg proclaims that it is the work itself that is rewarding. Managers can help the employees connect to their work by giving them more authority over the job, as well as offering direct and individual feedback. The Job Characteristics Model In 1975 Hackman and Oldham advanced the ideas of Herzberg by introducing what they called The Job Characteristics Model. This model is formulated on the assumption that if five core job characteristics are present, three psycho logical states critical to motivation are produced, resulting in positive outcomes. (Griffin, Patterson, & West, 2001) The five core job characteristics consist of skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. Hackman and Oldham state that the three psychological states that motivation is dependent upon are experienced meaningfulness of work, responsibility for work outcomes, and knowledge of results. Hackman andOldham then proclaim that to the degree that these psychological states are present, high personal employee work motivation will result. Relevance of Job Enrichment in 2007 The early works of Herzberg and Hackman & Oldham have provided a feasible and effective framework for increasing employee productivity through job enrichment that is just as applicable today as it was when their research was first conducted. Within the past half century there have been numerous researches conducted that provides useful empirical evidence to illustrate the rewar ds and benefits of job enrichment.We will further discuss each method that an organization can implement in an attempt to improve worker productivity through job implementation. Employee autonomy In a study analyzing job independence as an incentive device to increase employee productivity, Kay Mitusch emphasizes that when employee autonomy is present it can compensate for an organization lacking an extrinsic reward program yet still remain productive. This is pivotal for explaining why workers in independent, responsible jobs are willing to invest in their jobs even if there is no reliable, formalized system of rewarding them. (Mitusch, 2000) To provide further evidence of the success of employee autonomy as a method of job enrichment Griffin, Patterson, and West explored the relationship between teams and satisfaction using data from a large research project in the U. K. that investigated management practices and employee attitudes in manufacturing companies. The researchers condu cted this study by distributing a questionnaire survey which asked them to rank their preferred working conditions in response to hypothetical situations which were designed to relate to their actual work duties.The study showed that job enrichment was positively related to job autonomy but was not significantly related to perceptions of supervisory support. (Griffin, Patterson, and West, 2001) The researchers also concluded that while both autonomy and supervisory support were important positive influences on job satisfaction, the positive association of teamwork on job autonomy was explained by job enrichment that accompanied teamwork and could not be attributed to teamwork itself. (Griffin, Patterson, and West, 2001) This data shows that by simply trusting an employees expertise at his or her job and allowing them to operate more independently an employee will develop an increased level of job satisfaction and in turn increase the productive output of that worker. Skill Variety Another technique to enrich an employees work experience is to utilize employees with a wide range of skills so they can apply them to their daily work routine.In his article White Collar Job Enrichment The Pay Board Experience, Tim McNamar explored the Pay Boards experience with job enrichment. By replacing a traditional method of processing cases with an approach built around work groups performing interrelated tasks, it increased productivity, provided better motivation, and vastly improved opportunities for individual self-actualization and esteem. (McNamar, 1973) By changing the previous operational procedures and by allowing employees to engage in more of a shared task structure, the Pay Board experienced increased productivity across the spectrum. The decision to adopt a team concept for case management was not due to any of the traditional reasons given for blue collar job enrichment high absenteeism, low morale, and the like. Rather, it was instituted in hopes that it wou ld drastically increase productivity. Nevertheless, the approach turned out to provide a variety of benefits, many of which directly related to the question of job enrichment. (McNamar, 1973) Also, the inclusion of employees in critical decisions that will effect the organization as a whole, shows improvement in the employees orale regarding their importance within the organization and in turn increase their motivation.In general, research on participative decision making has found that participation improves employees attitudes and increases their organizational commitment and job satisfaction. (DeLancer Julnes, 2001) Job Feedback Another key aspect of job enrichment can be achieved through the simple process of providing employees with useful feedback concerning the work performance along with clearly established expectations. Job enrichment focuses on creating individual tasks that give people feedback, increase their influence how work is done, require them to use a variety of skills, and give them a whole piece of work. (Mohrman, Lawler, Mohrman, 1992) Task significance and task identity The installation of job enrichment by way of task significance is the extent to which an employees work has a meaningful impact on other jobs in the same workplace.This can be accomplished with the installation of teams within the employee work population. Teamwork typically involves groups of interdependent employees who work cooperatively to achieve group outcomes. Effective team implementation can enhance the motivational properties of work and increase job satisfaction. (Griffin, Patterson, and West, 2001) A direct correlation between task significance and task identity can be seen by the use of teams and specific job duties. The idea of task identity is the measure to which the job requires completion of a number of whole and identifiable pieces of work. Theoretically, the choice between teams and individual job enrichment should be made based upon the technology of the workplace. Teams are more complicated to build and to maintain, but may be necessary if the work is such that no one individual can do a whole part of it and get feedback about it. Teams are often appropriate, for example, in process production facilities such as a chemical plants and oil refineries and in complex service organizations such as banks and airlines.Where the technology allows an individual to do a whole task or offer a whole service, individual designs are preferred because they are simpler to install and give the individual more direct feedback. (Mohrman, Lawler, Mohrman , 1992) The city of Rockville, MD conducted an experiment where managers and line staff collaborated in the decision making process and the result was astonishing, including cost savings, improvement of morale and the appreciation of the need for productivity within the organization increased. The key ingredients in the programs success was the consultation with supervisors and employees and their involvement in selecting the projects. (Hobbs, 1976) Counter argument of job enrichment Despite all of the overwhelming evidence of the success that is attributed in implementing job enrichment programs there is a minority of speculators that job enrichment is not always the best option when an organizations sole objective is to reduce costs. The possible increase in the satisfaction of the employees is probably not a sufficient reason for managers to support job enrichment programs. A survey by Reif and Schoderbek showed that the main objective of top management in companies introducing job enrichment programs was to reduce costs. Hence, management support for a new job design approach has to be gained through a cost-benefit treatment to job design. (Globerson, 1977) If a companys sole aim is to reduce costs then investing in your current work force might not be the preferable avenue.However, if an organization or company is interested in fully utilizing its talented workfo rce and provide increased worker motivation and in turn increase worker productivity, then adopting a job enrichment program is the most effective option. Conclusion Throughout the last few decades, the implementation of a job enrichment program has successfully shown to increase employees job motivation, satisfaction, self-worth, in an attempt to ultimately increase the overall employee productivity within the organization.No matter what the function or sector of an organization whether it be a government agency, non-profit organization, or company operating within the private sector, the implementation of job enrichment into your organization will result in the key areas of employee production and worker motivation. It is obvious through years of conducted research that a happy and motivated workforce coupled with an effective and flexible management will ultimately result in a highly productive organization.Works Cited Albers Mohrman, Susan, Lawler III, Edward E. , Mohrman, Allan M. 992. Applying Employee Involvement in Schools. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis DeLancer Julnes, Patria. 2001. Does Participation Increase Perceptions of Usefulness? Public Performance & Management Review Globerson, Shlomo. 1977. The Just Noticeable Difference in Complexity of Jobs. Management Science Griffin, Mark A. , Patterson, Malcolm G. , and West, Michael A. 2001. Job Satisfaction and Teamwork The Role of Supervisor Support Journal of Organizational Behavior Hobbs, Daniel D. Productivity Through Worker Incentive and Satisfaction. Public Productivity Review King, Albert S. 1974. Expectation Effects in Organizational Change. Administrative Science Quarterly McNamar, Tim. 1973. White Collar Job Enrichment The Pay Board Experience. Public Administration Review Mitusch, Kay. 2000. Job Independence as an Incentive Device. Economica Simonds, Rollin H. and Orife, John N. 1975. Worker Behavior Versus Enrichment Theory. Administrative Science Quarterly Staudohar, Pa ul D. 1975. An Experiment in Increasing Productivity of Police Service Employees Public Administration Review