Imperialism in Africa and India

air division 1 A Scramble For Africa europiuman res publicas take to fuel industrial production Competed for new markets for goods and took huge interest in Africa Imperialism- rapture of a untaught or land by a stronger agricultural o Occurred throughout or so of Africa o Europe came in and dominated Mid 1800s Africans dual-lane into ethnic and linguistic groups round changeed to Islam and Christianity Most kept traditions and religion For 400 years African army able to keep Europeans out Until late 1800s Europe only dominated coast of Africa Couldnt navigate rivers Disease overly kept them out Specialized shift networks Introduction of steam queened river boats allowed Europeans to dominate much of Africas interior Those who did get in were against slave trade People learned about Africa through their publications The congou Sparks busy Dr. David Livingstone traveled with group of Africans into deep Africa to promote Christianity Several years fore gone and mint thought he was dead Henry Stanley went to find him and succeeded Stanley precious to trace course of congou River In 1879 and 1882 Stanley signed treaties with local chiefs of the Congo River Valley Gave King Leopold II of Belgium view as of these worldly concerns Leopold II sayed wanted to supplant slave trade and promote Christianity Brutally exploited Africans by forcing them to get word sap from rubber plants About 10 million Africans died due to debase In 1908 Belgian govt. took tame of Congo away from king Congo 80x jumbor than Belgium This alarmed France because they had signed treated that gave them affirm of north confide of Congo Soon More European and Latin American countries began to claim parts of Africa Forces Driving Imperialism Industrial Revolution drove European countries to happen more pop European countries searched for more markets Europeans viewed themselves as the greatest nation and race Racism- the belief that one race is tiptop to another(prenominal)wises amicable Darwinism- opening that those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were superior to others Non-Europeans on lower outdo of cultural and physical development because didnt make technological continue Europeans thought was their job to bring advancements to other countries European missionaries sought to convert lands to Christianity Hoped Christianity would bring end to evil practices like slave trade in like manner wanted to civilize landsFactors promoting Imperialism in Africa Europeans technological transcendency Europeans had guns Europeans had steam engines that allowed them to control deep Africa Europeans had railway systems, cables, and steamships that allowed them to communicate within settlement and to domineering nation Drug quinine prevented Europeans from catching infirmitys Africa wasnt unified due to change and wars fought amid different ethnic groups Divison of Africa Di scoveries of diamonds and gold in south Africa increase Europeans interest in conquering Africa every(prenominal) European countries became part of raceBerlin conference divides Africa Berlin Conference- 14 European nations who met to lay d sustain dominions for the disagreement of Africa Competition between European countries Any country could conquer land alone had to notify other European countries How Africans felt about it wasnt a factor Didnt pay attention to how ethnic and linguistic groups in Africa were distributed By 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia were free from European control strike for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies During colonization Europeans believed Africans would buy their goods Only few Africans did this Businesses motionless(prenominal) ask raw materials Greatest wealth obtained from Africa was large mineral sources Congo contained shit and tin This nothing compared to diamonds and gold in south Africa Developed funds set peanuts, palm em brocate, cocoa, and rubber Replaced food crops needed by husbandmans to prevail families Three Groups Clash over South Africa Zulu chief, Shaka used passing make grow warriors and good military organization to create large concentrate fix Shakas successors unable to keep control Zulu nation eventually put d aver to British controlBoers and British Settle in the Cape Boers- Dutch settlers (Boer=farmer in Dutch) who took Africans land and established large farms When British took control of Cape Colony there was clash over British policy of slaves and land Boers walk outd north in Great journey to escape from British Started fighting fiercely with Zulu and other African groups whose land was getting taken When Diamonds and gold found in south Africa Boers assay to keep alfrescors from gaining policy-making rights British tried to rebel against Boers and failed Boers rose against British in Boer war The war was brutal (no mercy) Many black grey Africans also pa rticipated Many were captured and put in British concentration camps Britain win war Europeans do efforts to change political, social and economic lives of people they conquered Section 2 Imperialism Imperialism of 18th and 19th century different than previous imperialism Europeans demanded more influence over all aspects of African lives Determined to shape economies to table service benefit European economies Wanted people to adopt European customsForms of take care 4 types o Colony- a country or territory governed internally by a foreign power o Protectorate- A country or territory with its own internal establishment but down the stairs the control of an outside power o Sphere of influence- an area in which and outside power claims goop investment or trading privileges o Economic imperialism- an independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other govts. Also had direct and collateral control Britain and U. S. prefere nt validating France and most other European nations preferred direct Indirect control o Relied on existing political rulers o Rulers adopted British Authority o Rulers handled much of routine management of colony o Each colony had legislative council ? colonial officials ? local merchants ? Professionals ? Colonial governor conduct Control French and other European didnt think Africans could run country Paternalism- the belief that the people in strength restrict freedoms to their subordinates for the subordinates good Gave them needs but not rights Europeans brought in own bureaucrats Didnt train Africans in European methods of govt. Assimilation- the idea that the local population would adopt the superior purification in magnitude to become more like them Africans adopted French gardening All schools, courts, and businesses patterned after French institutions In practice idea of absorption abandoned French resided to indirect control Recognized African cult ure but saw it as inferior Indirect Control Direct control local govt. fficials used contrasted officials brought in to rule check self-rule No self rule Goal to develop approaching leaders Goal assimilation Govt. institutions establish on European styles but may have Govt. institutions are found only on European styles local rules A British Colony Britain gained control of southern Nigeria several(prenominal) local rulers agreed to sign treaties of protection and accept British residents Others contrasted intervention and rebelled against it British defeated rebellions Royal Niger Comp. gained control of palm oil trade over Niger River Delta In 1914 British claimed entire Nigeria as colony Managing the Colony Nigeria culturally diverse Three main groups were o Hausa-Fulani ? Islamic ? Had strong central govt. o Yoruba Followed handed-down religion ? Relied on chiefs for control o Igbo ? Same as Yoruba Didnt have enough British troops to govern such complex area British resided to indirect control Worked well with Hausa-Fulani but not with other two groups Local chiefs of Yoruba and Igbo resented limited power African Resistance Africans resisted European attempts to colonize only if Europeans had more advanced weaponry Therefore, Africans didnt succeed in most cases Un happy Movements There was resistance and resistance through religious movements Algerias almost 50 year resistance against France West Africas Samori Toures 16 year resistance against France African villagers resisted Germans in spiritual self-denial o Believed magic pissing would flake Germans bullets to water o 20 groups came together and fought against Germans o Fighters believed God and their ancestors would return to livelihood and assist them o Over 75,000 Africans died o Twice that many Africans died in famine to follow o Germans shocked and passed some reformsEthiopia A successful Resistance Only African nation that successfully resisted Europeans Menelik II- became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889 Successfully played Italians, French, and British against each other Built up large arsenal of modernistic weapons he purchased from Russia and France Menelik II signed pact with Italy while Italians were invading the country Menelik II declared war in 1896 Battle of Adowa was largest battle in history of Africa Ethiopians won and kept independency Legacy of Colonial Rule disconfirming effects Africans alienated control of land and independence o Lost many people to disease and rebellion o Famine o Breakdown of traditional culture o Traditional authorities replaced o Homes and properties transferred o People lost jobs o Identity issues o Division of Africa o Unnaturally divided groups o No Unity Positive Effects o Local warfare reduced o sanitation improved o Hospitals o Schools o Lifespans increased o Literacy increased o Economic expansion o Railroads, dams, telephone, telegraph lines built in Africa o However, this on ly actually benefited the EuropeansSection 4 British Imperialism in India Area controlled by East India alliance grew overtime Both directly and indirectly governed southern India, Bangladesh, and territory along Ganges River in north British govt. regulated East India phoner Company ruled India without British interference until 19th century Had own army with British officers Sepoys- Indian soldiers Army was dangerous because could easily turn against British Britains Jewel in the Crown Industrial rotation turned Britain into worlds workshop India supplied Britain with many raw supplies Indias 3,000,000 people also large potential market for British make goods India was brightest jewel in clear because it was the most priceless of all Britains colonies British made restrictions that prevented Indian economy from operating on its own Indians could only produce raw materials for Britain Indians were not allowed to compete with Britain British manoeuvre Trade Goods Railroad system built in India India became more valuable Most of raw materials transported included o Tea o indigo o Coffee o Cotton Jute o Opium Sold trade opium for tea from China Sold tea in England Impact of Colonialism Negative impact on India British held most of economical and political power British restricted Indian owned industries Many villagers couldnt be self sufficient due to emphasis on cash crop Food production reduced Famine Racism Forced modulation to Christianity Positive impact on India Had worlds third largest railroad system Railroad system united brought modern economy that India Sanitation and public health improved India modernized by railroads, telephones, telegraphs, dams, bridges, irrigation canals Schools and collages founded Literacy increased supposition cleared of bandits Local welfare amongst competing rulers The Sepoy Mutiny British controlled most of India Believed British were trying to convert Indians to Christianity The re was so much racism patriot idea emerged The Indians decided to rebel Gossip blossom out amongst sepoys that the cartridges of their new rifles were grease with beef and pork fat To use cartridges Indians had to bite off ends awe were sacred to them and Muslims didnt eat pork so they were very wild Soldiers who refused cartilages were imprisoned Next day they rebelled Sepoy Munity- rebellion of the Indian soldiers Uprising spread from Delhi to much of northern India British and sepoys tried to slaughter each others armies Took family more than a year to regain control of country Indians couldnt unite against British due to weak leadership and conflict between Hindus and Muslims Hindus preferred British rule over Muslim ruleTurning Point after munity Britain took direct control over India Raj- British rule after India came under British crown during reign of Queen Victoria To reward many princes who stayed loyal to company during munity, Britain promised to re spect all treaties they had with them Also promised that Indian states that were still free would remain independent Regardless, British gained control of free states on the side Munity fueled racist attitudes of British Munity increased distrust between Indians and British Hindus and Muslims felt they were being ruined under British rule nationalism Surfaces in India In early 1800s some Indians began demanding modernization drive Mohum Roy, a modern thinking, well educated Indian began campaign to move away from traditional Indian practices Ram Mohum Roy believed that if practices werent changed India would continue to be controlled by outsiders Ram Mohum Roys writings inspired other Indians to wad for social reforms and adopt western ways Nationalist feelings also began to get on in India Indians hated system that made them second class citizens in own country Made much less money than British workers Nationalist groups form 2 nationalist groups formed o Indian Nati onal Congress in 1885 o Muslim League in 1906 ? Focused on Indians concerns ? Wanted self government ? Divided in to Hindu and Muslim section ? Separation made it hard for them to unite in calling for independence ? In 1911 British regained control and divided them differently Conflict over Indian control continued to develop between Indians and British Key Terms Imperialism- Seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country African goods copper, tin, gold, diamonds, rubber, cocoa, palm oil, and peanuts Racism- the belief that one race is superior to others Social Darwinism- theory that those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were superior to others Berlin Conference- 14 European nations who met to lay down rules for the division of Africa Shaka- was a Zulu chief used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create large centralized state in South Africa.His successors werent as successful Boers- Dutch settlers (Boer=farme r in Dutch) who took Africans land and established large farms Boer War- War between British and Boers over land and minerals in which British won Colony- a country or territory governed internally by a foreign power Protectorate- A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Sphere of influence- an area in which and outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges Economic imperialism- an independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other govts. Indirect Control Direct control Local govt. officials used Foreign officials brought in to rule Limited self-rule No self rule Goal to develop future leaders Goal assimilation Govt. institutions based on European styles but may have Govt. institutions are based only on European styles local rules India was brightest jewel in crown because it was the most valuable of all Britains colonies Indian goods Tea, Indigo, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, and Opium Menelik II- became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889.He was the only one who was successful at preventing his state (Ethiopia) from being conquered. Sepoys- Indian soldiers Sepoy Munity- rebellion of the Indian soldiers Raj- British rule after India came under British crown during reign of Queen Victoria Ram Mohum Roy- a modern thinking, well educated Indian began campaign to move away from traditional Indian practices and bring nationalism Paternalism- the idea that the people in authority restrict freedoms to their subordinates for the subordinates good Assimilation- the idea that the local population would adopt the superior culture in order to become more like them